{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:01:18Z","timestamp":1790920878747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014584","name":"Universit\u00e4tsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universit\u00e4t Mainz","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014584","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The aim was to determine the profile of long-term symptoms after known and undetected SARS-CoV-2 infections and to generate tools for risk and diagnostic assessment of Post-COVID syndrome (PCS). In the population-based Gutenberg COVID-19 Study (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910,250), sequential, systematic screening for SARS-CoV-2 was performed in 2020\/2021. Individuals received a standardized interview on newly occurred or worsened symptoms since the infection or the pandemic. Robust Poisson regression models were fit to compare the frequency of symptoms between groups. Two scores were developed using machine learning techniques and prospectively validated in an independent cohort. Among <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009942 individuals, prevalence of long-term symptoms was 36.4% among individuals with known SARS-CoV-2 infection, 25.0% in those unknowingly infected, and 28.1% among the controls. Individuals with known infection more often reported smell (Prevalence ratio [PR]\u2009=\u200913.66 [95% confidence interval 4.99;37.41]) and taste disturbances (PR\u2009=\u20095.57 [2.62;11.81]), forgetfulness (PR\u2009=\u20092.88 [1.55;5.35]), concentration difficulties (PR\u2009=\u20092.83 [1.55;5.16], trouble with balance (PR\u2009=\u20092.74 [1.18;6.35]), and dyspnea (PR\u2009=\u20092.22 [1.18;4.19]) than controls. The risk score for predicting long-term sequelae based on symptoms during the acute infection had a cross-validated AUC of 0.74 and 0.72 when applied in an independent cohort (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096,570). The diagnostic score providing a probability of the presence of PCS had a cross-validated AUC of 0.66 and of 0.64 in the validation cohort (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093,176). Individuals with and without SARS-COV-2 infection reported persistent symptoms, but symptoms attributable to PCS were identified. The data-driven scores may help guide further diagnostic decisions in the initial management of PCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01223-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T23:06:20Z","timestamp":1747609580000},"page":"789-801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risk tools for predicting long-term sequelae based on symptom profiles after known and undetected SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Rieke","family":"Baumk\u00f6tter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simge","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Chalabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"ten Cate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha Syed","family":"Mamoor Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sepehr","family":"Golriz Khatami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Zahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Hettich-Damm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen H.","family":"Prochaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Schmidtmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Lehnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Steinmetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"D\u00f6rr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl J.","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred E.","family":"Beutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4413-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp S.","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1223_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z","volume":"27","author":"A Nalbandian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nalbandian A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27:601\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01283-z.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1223_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-266574\/v1","author":"S Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez-Leon S, et al. More than 50 Long-Term effects of COVID-19: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Res Sq. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-266574\/v1.","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"key":"1223_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayes LD, Ingram J, Sculthorpe NF. More than 100 persistent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (Long COVID): A scoping review. Front Med. 2021;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.750378.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.750378"},{"key":"1223_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","volume":"226","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen C, et al. Global prevalence of Post-Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition or long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and systematic review. J Infect Dis. 2022;226:1593\u2013607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1223_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00239-4","volume":"11","author":"M Parotto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parotto M, et al. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: Understanding and addressing the burden of multisystem manifestations. Lancet Respiratory Med. 2023;11:739\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00239-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Respiratory Med"},{"key":"1223_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","volume":"21","author":"HE Davis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ, Long COVID. Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21:133\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"1223_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","volume":"38","author":"HE Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davis HE, et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. eClinicalMedicine. 2021;38:101019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019. https:\/\/doi.org:.","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1223_CR8","unstructured":"Vorstand der Bundes\u00e4rztekammer. Post-COVID-Syndrom (PCS). Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt. (2022)."},{"key":"1223_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bahmer T, et al. Severity, predictors and clinical correlates of Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) in Germany: A prospective, multi-centre, population-based cohort study. eClinicalMedicine. 2022;51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101549.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101549"},{"key":"1223_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104267","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1104267","volume":"11","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmad I, et al. High prevalence of persistent symptoms and reduced health-related quality of life 6 months after COVID-19. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1104267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1104267.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1223_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29513-z","volume":"13","author":"V-T Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tran V-T, Porcher R, Pane I, Ravaud P. Course of post COVID-19 disease symptoms over time in the compare long COVID prospective e-cohort. Nat Commun. 2022;13:1812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-29513-z.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1223_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e421","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00056-0","volume":"5","author":"LS Canas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Canas LS, et al. Profiling post-COVID-19 condition across different variants of SARS-CoV-2: a prospective longitudinal study in unvaccinated wild-type, unvaccinated alpha-variant, and vaccinated delta-variant populations. Lancet Digit Health. 2023;5:e421\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00056-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"1223_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00684-9","author":"Y Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Long-term outcomes following hospital admission for COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00684-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1223_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-022-01862-3","volume":"50","author":"T Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang T, Yan MZ, Li X, Lau EHY. Sequelae of COVID-19 among previously hospitalized patients up to 1 year after discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection. 2022;50:1067\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-022-01862-3.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"1223_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03195-x","volume":"18","author":"B Musheyev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Musheyev B, et al. Longitudinal medical subspecialty follow-up of critically and non-critically ill hospitalized COVID-19 survivors up to 24 months after discharge. Intern Emerg Med. 2023;18:477\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11739-023-03195-x.","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"1223_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28491","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28491","volume":"95","author":"JP Skinner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Skinner JP, Moran LV. Persistent effects of COVID-19 in patients hospitalized during the first wave of the pandemic: the impact of persistent fatigue on quality of life in a cross-sectional study. J Med Virol. 2023;95:e28491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.28491.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1223_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00383-0","volume":"9","author":"RA Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans RA, et al. Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Respiratory Med. 2021;9:1275\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00383-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Respiratory Med"},{"key":"1223_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baumk\u00f6tter R, et al. Protective behavior and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in the population\u2013 Results from the Gutenberg COVID-19 study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1993). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-14310-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14310-6"},{"key":"1223_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-012-1502-7","volume":"55","author":"PS Wild","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wild PS, et al. [The Gutenberg health study]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2012;55:824\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00103-012-1502-7.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"1223_CR20","unstructured":"Lampert T, Kroll LE. In: Richter M, Hurrelmann K, editors. Gesundheitliche ungleichheit. VS Verlag f\u00fcr Sozialwissenschaften; 2009."},{"key":"1223_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-021-00706-5","volume":"210","author":"F Hauser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hauser F, et al. Evaluation of a laboratory-based high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay for non-COVID-19 patient screening at hospital admission. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2021;210:165\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00430-021-00706-5.","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"1223_CR22","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Global COVID-19 Clinical Platform - Case Report Form (CRF) for Post COVID condition (Post COVID-19 CRF). (2021)."},{"key":"1223_CR23","unstructured":"Wild P. SentiSurv RLP. Surveillance- und Fr\u00fchwarnsystem f\u00fcr SARS-CoV-2 Infektionen in Rheinland-Pfalz, https:\/\/www.unimedizin-mainz.de\/sentisurv\/startseite\/startseite.html (2023)."},{"key":"1223_CR24","unstructured":"Wild P. Dashboard SentiSurv RLP, https:\/\/www.unimedizin-mainz.de\/SentiSurv-RLP\/dashboard\/index.html (2023)."},{"key":"1223_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2128568","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568","volume":"4","author":"D Groff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Groff D, et al. Short-term and Long-term rates of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2128568\u20132128568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1223_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768211032850","volume":"114","author":"OL Aiyegbusi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aiyegbusi OL, et al. Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review. J R Soc Med. 2021;114:428\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01410768211032850.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"1223_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vivaldi G, et al. Long-term symptom profiles after COVID-19\u2009<\u2009em\u2009>\u2009vs\u2009other acute respiratory infections: an analysis of data from the COVIDENCE UK study. eClinicalMedicine. 2023;65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102251.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102251"},{"key":"1223_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01909-w","volume":"28","author":"A Subramanian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Subramanian A, et al. Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults. Nat Med. 2022;28:1706\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01909-w.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1223_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-022-00962-6","volume":"38","author":"RCE Bowyer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bowyer RCE, et al. Characterising patterns of COVID-19 and long COVID symptoms: evidence from nine UK longitudinal studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2023;38:199\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-022-00962-6.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1223_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8823","volume":"329","author":"T Thaweethai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thaweethai T, et al. Development of a definition of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA. 2023;329:1934\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.8823.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1223_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e074425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-074425","volume":"381","author":"T Ballouz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ballouz T, et al. Recovery and symptom trajectories up to two years after SARS-CoV-2 infection: population based, longitudinal cohort study. BMJ. 2023;381:e074425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-074425.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1223_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mizrahi B, et al. Long Covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2023;380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-072529. e072529.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072529"},{"key":"1223_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16524-8","volume":"23","author":"C Heidemann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heidemann C, et al. Long-term health consequences among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to individuals without infection: results of the population-based cohort study CoMoLo Follow-up. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:1587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16524-8.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1223_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peter RS, et al. Post-acute sequelae of covid-19 six to 12 months after infection: population based study. BMJ. 2022;379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-071050. e071050.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-071050"},{"key":"1223_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7232a2","volume":"72","author":"JCC Montoy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montoy JCC, et al. Prevalence of symptoms\u2009\u2264\u200912 months after acute illness, by COVID-19 testing status among Adults - United States, December 2020-March 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:859\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7232a2.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1223_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102107","volume":"62","author":"E Gentilotti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gentilotti E, et al. Clinical phenotypes and quality of life to define post-COVID-19 syndrome: a cluster analysis of the multinational, prospective ORCHESTRA cohort. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;62:102107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102107.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1223_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01766-7","volume":"28","author":"P Brodin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brodin P, et al. Studying severe long COVID to understand post-infectious disorders beyond COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28:879\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01766-7.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1223_CR38","unstructured":"Elliott S. in Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System (eds Christopher J. Mathias & Sir Roger Bannister) 0Oxford University Press, (2013)."},{"key":"1223_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001005","volume":"77","author":"M Ernst","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ernst M, et al. Loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Am Psychol. 2022;77:660\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0001005.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"1223_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27797-1","volume":"13","author":"C Cervia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cervia C, et al. Immunoglobulin signature predicts risk of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Commun. 2022;13:446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-27797-1.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1223_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01292-y","volume":"27","author":"CH Sudre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sudre CH, et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021;27:626\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01292-y.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1223_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02226-9","volume":"52","author":"KS Appel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Appel KS, et al. Definition of the Post-COVID syndrome using a symptom-based Post-COVID score in a prospective, multi-center, cross-sectoral cohort of the German National pandemic cohort network (NAPKON). Infection. 2024;52:1813\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-024-02226-9.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"1223_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Geng LN et al. 2024 Update of the RECOVER-Adult Long COVID Research Index. JAMA (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.24184","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.24184"},{"key":"1223_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00807-9","volume":"21","author":"EJ Chow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21:195\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-022-00807-9.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"1223_CR45","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. in. Annual epidemiological report for 2021. ECDC; 2022."},{"key":"1223_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6856","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34244-2","volume":"13","author":"M Whitaker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whitaker M, et al. Variant-specific symptoms of COVID-19 in a study of 1,542,510 adults in England. Nat Commun. 2022;13:6856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-34244-2.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01223-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01223-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01223-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T05:21:32Z","timestamp":1753680092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01223-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01223-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0393-2990","1573-7284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0393-2990","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed according to guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Epidemiological Practice. The Gutenberg COVID-19 Study and SentiSurv RLP were approved by the local ethics committee of the \u201cLandes\u00e4rztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz\u201d (reference no. GCS: 2018\u201313720; reference no. SentiSurv RLP: 2022\u201316744).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Participating individuals provided a written informed consent before study enrolment.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"There are no competing interests reported regarding this work. Outside the submitted work, PSW reports grants from Bayer AG, non-financial grants from Philips Medical Systems, grants and consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants and consulting fees from Novartis Pharma, grants and consulting fees from Sanofi-Aventis, grants, consulting and lecturing fees from Bayer Health Care, grants and consulting fees from Daiichi Sankyo Europe, lecturing fees from Pfizer Pharma, lecturing fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, consulting fees from Astra Zeneca, consulting fees and non-financial support from Diasorin and non-financial support from IEM. PSW received the grants for the current work and is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EO1503, 81Z0210103, 81Z0210102, 81Z0210101, 01KD2413B, 161L0219 81\u2009\u00d7\u20091210105), Ministry of Science and Health of the State of Rhineland Palatinate (MWG RLP 724\u2009\u2212\u20090010#2021\/0030-1501, AZ 724\u2009\u2212\u20090010#2021\/0010- 1501 15402, 724\u2009\u2212\u20090053#2023\/0001-1501 15404, 3125-0040#2024\/0008- 1501 15211), and the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA, F2447 \/ 537727, F2572 \/ 556549) outside the present work. PSW is principal investigator of the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) and of the DIASyM research core (BMBF DIASyM research core (BMBF 161L0217A, 031L0217A, 16LW0241K, 161L0219), of the future cluster curATime (BMBF 03ZU1202AA, 03ZU1202CD, 03ZU1202DB, 03ZU1202JC, 03ZU1202KB, 03ZU1202LB, 03ZU1202MB, and 03ZU1202OA), and of EPIC-AI (BMBF 01EQ2401A). JHP has received honoraria for lectures from Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo GmbH, and Sanofi-Aventis GmbH as well as research grants from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EO1503) and the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) outside the topic of the present study. JHP is an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH and University Medical Center Mainz. The remaining authors report no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}