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Tattoo ink may contain carcinogenic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate if tattoo exposure is associated with an increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in individuals. In this population-based case-control study, 2857 cases aged 20 to 60 years, diagnosed between 2014 and 2017, were identified in the Swedish Cancer Registry. Statistics Sweden identified 3 random age- and sex-matched controls per case from the Swedish Total Population Register using incidence-density sampling. In 2019, participants answered a questionnaire regarding lifestyle factors, including tattoos and sun habits. We used logistic regression to investigate if tattoo exposure was associated with the relative risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. 61% of the cases and 53% of the controls replied to the questionnaire. Among the 1600 cases and the 4551 controls that participated, 15.1% and 17.6% had at least one tattoo before the index date. We found no increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in tattooed compared with non-tattooed individuals (incidence rate ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval, 0.78\u20131.15). Tattoo exposure was not associated with the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in this first study of the association. However, more epidemiologic studies are needed before consensus regarding a lack of association can be reached.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01230-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:22:58Z","timestamp":1745540578000},"page":"451-461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tattoos and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: a population-based case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8742-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emelie Rietz","family":"Liljedahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"Engfeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"J\u00f6ud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christel","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1230_CR1","unstructured":"Cancerfonden. 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Gorthon foundation, the Welander Finsen foundation (Hudfonden), the LMK foundation, grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils (the ALF agreement), the Inga and John Hain Foundation for medical research, and the Gyllenstiernska Krapperup Foundation. KN has received speaker honoraria from Galderma Sweden, LEO Pharma Sweden, Novartis Sweden and UCB Pharma Sweden. KN has 2021 served on one advisory board for Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), and finally KN is President of the Board for the National Melanoma Guidelines and President for the Swedish Society of Dermatological Surgery and Oncology. The authors declare no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}