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Such associations, however, may be biased by residual confounding by socioeconomic position (SEP). To assess confounding, we use paternal cannabis use in pregnancy as a negative control exposure. We use data from 15,013 mother\u2013father\u2013child trios from the ALSPAC birth cohort, with participants initially recruited between 1990 and 1992. Exposures were maternal and paternal cannabis use during pregnancy. Neonatal anthropometry, perinatal, cognitive, and neurodevelopmental outcomes were modelled as a function of maternal and paternal cannabis use in pregnancy, adjusting for household-level SEP markers and maternal and paternal tobacco, alcohol, and drug use in pregnancy. We compared the strength of the association between maternal and paternal cannabis on outcomes using Wald tests. 5 and 13% of mothers and fathers reported cannabis use, which was inversely related to measures of SEP. Maternal cannabis use during pregnancy was associated with decreased infant birth weight (b\u2009=\u2009\u2212 110.2\u00a0g, 95% CI \u2212 185.1 to \u2212 35.3 for any cannabis use) and length (b\u2009=\u2009\u2212 0.45\u00a0cm, 95% CI \u2212 0.84 to \u2212 0.07). Maternal cannabis during pregnancy was also associated with neonatal special care admission (odds ratio 1.64, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.56) and lower education achievement scores at age 16 (b\u2009=\u2009\u2212 19.2, 95% CI \u2212 32.0 to \u2212 6.3). Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy was modestly associated with perinatal outcomes and markers of cognitive development. However, most associations were attenuated after controlling for potential confounders, including SEP, and associations were not quantitatively different from paternal cannabis use. The association of maternal cannabis use in pregnancy with perinatal or cognitive outcomes in offspring may be driven by residual confounding, including SEP, rather than causal biological effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01233-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T06:07:50Z","timestamp":1747030070000},"page":"549-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Maternal cannabis use in pregnancy, perinatal outcomes, and cognitive development in offspring: a longitudinal analysis of the ALSPAC cohort using paternal cannabis use as a negative control exposure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7063-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Corsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim T.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe E.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Davey Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.3.06","volume":"40","author":"G Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang G. 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