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This study assessed the impact of the lookback period and calculation method on MS prevalence in three healthcare data sources including women of childbearing age (from Italy, Norway and Wales) and three data sources including pregnant women (from France, Finland and Spain). Women aged 15 to 49 years from 2005 to 2019 were included, data from pregnant women were collected around the pregnancy period. MS cases were identified based on at least one MS diagnosis or one dispensation for an MS-specific medication. All data sources provided inpatient diagnoses and medication data; outpatient diagnoses were available in Norway and Finland, and primary care diagnoses in Norway, Finland and Wales. We assessed MS case detection rate by lookback period, and compared three methods for estimating yearly MS prevalence: period prevalence (PP), average point prevalence (APP) and person-time prevalence (PTP). The estimated lookback periods to identify 95% of MS cases ranged from 6 to 9 years. APP and PTP provided lower prevalence estimates than PP, especially when the lookback to identify MS was short. In women of childbearing age, MS prevalence increased over time with all calculation methods and the highest MS prevalence was observed in Norway (PP of 402 per 100,000 in 2019). Finland showed the highest MS prevalence in pregnant women (PP of 218 per 100,000 in 2018). This study highlights the importance of sufficient lookback and available data to accurately estimate MS prevalence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01243-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T08:01:13Z","timestamp":1753948873000},"page":"921-934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Methods of estimating prevalence of multiple sclerosis in six European healthcare data sources: a contribution from the ConcePTION project"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5153-1747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Beslay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Belle","family":"Beau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Benevent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Ballardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laia","family":"Barrachina-Bonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Cavero-Carbonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Coldea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Garc\u00eda-Villodre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Geldhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Gini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Hellwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarit K.","family":"Leinonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lopez-Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Manfrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Visa","family":"Martikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera R.","family":"Mitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Neville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hedvig","family":"Nordeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Puccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Vukusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Damase-Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Geissb\u00fchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan K.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"1243_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.07.003","volume":"9","author":"G Giovannoni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giovannoni G, Butzkueven H, Dhib-Jalbut S, Hobart J, Kobelt G, Pepper G, et al. 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Final study protocols for demonstration projects submitted to EU PAS register (D1.3). 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 30]; Available from: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/7476130"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01243-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01243-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01243-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:52:25Z","timestamp":1790268745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01243-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01243-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0393-2990","1573-7284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0393-2990","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Finland\n                      : Ethical approval is not required for register-based studies. Institutional Review Board at the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare approved the study and waived the requirement for obtaining informed consent for the secondary use of health administrative data from study participants (THL\/543\/6.02.00\/2021). Data were handled and stored in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation.\n                      France\n                      : The EFEMERIS cohort was approved by the French Data Protection Authority on 7 April 2005 (authorization number 05-1140). This study was performed on anonymized patient data. The women included in the EFEMERIS database were informed of their inclusion and of the potential use of their anonymized data for research purposes. They could oppose the use of their data at any time. The women included in the EFEMERIS database know that their collected and anonymized data can be used for medical research purposes and can thus be published. The study was approved by the EFEMERIS steering group. Data were handled and stored in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation.\n                      Italy\n                      : The study was approved by the local ethical committee (approval number 593\/2023\/Oss\/UniFe). Data were handled and stored in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation and in agreement with the Authority for Healthcare and Welfare, Emilia Romagna Regional Health Service, Bologna, Italy.\n                      Norway\n                      : The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Research Ethics in South-East Norway (approval number 85224) and by the Data Protection Officer at the University of Oslo (approval number 519858). Data were handled and stored in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation.\n                      Spain (Valencian Region)\n                      : The study (code: IMI-IMN-2019-01) was classified as an Observational Post-authorisation Study \u201cOther designs\u201d (EPA-OD) by Spanish Medicines Agency (AEMPS), available on:\n                      \n                      ; and approved by the Arnau de Vilanova Hospital\u2019s Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 29th January 2020, according to the Spanish regulations (approval number 1\/2020). At regional level following the national Personal Data Protection and guaranteeing digital rights (Law 3\/2018), the study was approved by the Commission of the Regional Government (PROSIGA) that has the right of giving RDRU Fisabio authorisation to process the data (references: SD2556; SD2577; SD2578; SD2579; SD2580; SD2581; SD2582).\n                      Wales\n                      : This study uses anonymised data held in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. The SAIL Databank independent Information Governance Review Panel (IGRP) approved the study as part of project 0823, on 16th October 2020.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"AG is an employee of Janssen Biologics B.V. and owns stock\/stock options in Johnson & Johnson, of which Janssen is a subsidiary. SLL and YG are employees of Novartis and own stock. All other co-authors have no competing interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}