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Thus, we assessed the associations of use of different types of systemic hormonal contraceptives in the six preceding months with the risk of depression in women aged 15\u201349 years. Data were obtained from national registers in Finland. All cases of depression in the years 2018\u20132019 were identified in a population-based cohort of women. We used a nested case-control design with 1:4 ratio (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009117,360 cases) and applied multivariable conditional logistic regression models. During the follow-up a total of 23,480 new cases with the diagnosis of depression were observed (incidence rate: 21.7, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u200921.5\u201322.0 per 1000 person-years). Use of HC in the six preceding months, specifically that of combined hormonal contraceptives (containing gestodene and ethinylestradiol, drospirenone and ethinylestradiol, and nomegestrol and estradiol), was significantly associated with a lower risk of depression compared to non-use when controlling for marital status, socioeconomic status, education, recent delivery, recent psychiatric hospitalization, chronic diseases, use of psychiatric medications (excluding antidepressants) and former use of HC (odds ratio: 0.90, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20090.85\u20130.95; 0.86, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20090.81\u20130.91, respectively). Current use of progestogen-only preparations (norethisterone, levonorgestrel, desogestrel) was not associated with depression. This pattern was evident in all age groups, including adolescent girls. HC use appeared not associated with an increased risk of depression in fertile-aged women and across all age groups, including adolescent girls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01267-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T04:48:05Z","timestamp":1751431685000},"page":"915-923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Use of systemic hormonal contraception and risk of depression: a registry-based study from Finland"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6757-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Toffol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Partonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oskari","family":"Heikinheimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"But","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Latvala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Haukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1267_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations Data Portal Population Division. 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Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.12.015.:412.e1\u2013e7."},{"key":"1267_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1139\/jpn.0831","volume":"33","author":"CN Soares","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soares CN, Zitek B. Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability? J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008;33:331\u201343.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"1267_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.04.010","volume":"86","author":"KS Hall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hall KS, White KO, Rickert VI, Reame N, Westhoff C. Influence of depressed mood and psychological stress symptoms on perceived oral contraceptive side effects and discontinuation in young minority women. 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The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki (3\/2018). Because this is a register-based study, no individual consent is needed.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}]}}