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Some previous studies have suggested that elevated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposures decrease brain tumour risk, but the evidence is inconsistent. We conducted a cross-sectional study (with census-derived population counts) to assess age\u2009&lt;\u200920 malignant\/non-malignant brain tumour incidence overall and for major categories in Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results 2000\u20132021 data, using ground-based UVR-irradiance measures, via quasi-likelihood models accounting for over\/under-dispersion, adjusted for age, sex, race\/ethnicity and other socioeconomic variables. There were 29,088\/18,585 cases of malignant\/non-malignant brain tumour, with generally significant decreasing trends of both types of tumour with UVR irradiance [relative risk (RR)\u2009=\u20090.754\/mW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (95% CI 0.659, 0.862,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) for malignant brain tumour, RR\u2009=\u20090.466\/mW\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (95% CI 0.382, 0.567,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001] for non-malignant brain tumour), although there was significant heterogeneity by histopathologic subtype, race\/ethnicity, and sex. Equally, there is a highly significant decreasing trend of both types of tumour with UVR-cumulative radiant exposure (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). These trends are also significant in many malignant\/non-malignant brain tumour histopathological subtypes and racial\/ethnic groups. However, there are certain non-malignant brain tumour subtypes, for example tumours of the pineal region and meningeal tumours, where RR significantly exceed 1 in relation to UVR irradiance (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0330,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0024 respectively). Our finding, of a generally protective effect of UVR on brain tumour risk is not clear-cut, and warrants large studies of specific histopathological pediatric\/adolescent brain tumours using individual-level data on solar exposures and key effect modifiers and potential confounders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01314-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T05:10:12Z","timestamp":1763961012000},"page":"351-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Solar ultraviolet radiation exposure, and incidence of childhood (0\u201319\u00a0years) malignant and non-malignant brain tumour in a US population-based dataset, 2000\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0980-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark P.","family":"Little","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim Z.","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill S.","family":"Barnholtz-Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha S.","family":"Linet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Chernyavskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Kennerley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Cahoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myles G.","family":"Cockburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald M.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Kimlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1314_CR1","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. 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