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In Sweden, 20% of the population is tattooed. Repeated reports of the presence of carcinogenic chemicals, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines and heavy metals in tattoo ink justifies the investigation of CM risk in relation to tattooing. We aimed to investigate the potential association between tattoo exposure and CM. We identified 2880 individuals who were diagnosed with CM at age 20\u201360 years, in the Swedish National Cancer Register. For each case, we sampled three random age- and sex-matched controls from the Swedish Total Population Register. Exposure data and data on potential confounders were collected through a questionnaire in 2021. We estimated the relative risk of CM in tattooed compared with nontattooed individuals using multivariable logistic regression, rendering incidence rate ratios (IRR). Of the participants, 22% of the cases (354\/1598) had a tattoo before the index date, vs. 20% of the controls (815\/4097). We observed an adjusted relative risk of CM in tattooed compared to nontattooed individuals of 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07\u20131.56). The results suggested that tattoos may be a risk factor for CM, but further studies are needed to establish causality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01326-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T07:11:38Z","timestamp":1763968298000},"page":"1441-1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Does tattoo exposure increase the risk of cutaneous melanoma? 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Gorthon foundation, the Welander Finsen foundation (Hudfonden), the LMK foundation, grants from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the county councils (the ALF agreement), the Inga and John Hain Foundation for medical research, and the Gyllenstiernska Krapperup Foundation. KN has received speaker honoraria from Galderma Sweden, LEO Pharma Sweden, Novartis Sweden and UCB Pharma Sweden. KN has 2021 served on one advisory board for Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD), and finally KN is President of the Board for the National Melanoma Guidelines and President for the Swedish Society of Dermatological Surgery and Oncology. The authors declare no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (no. 2019\u201303138). Participants consented to participation by answering the questionnaire. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"No personal data was published on an individual level in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}