{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:24:30Z","timestamp":1791897870028,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10430252220010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10430252220010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic partly exceeded COVID-19-related deaths, indicating that other causes may have contributed. We conducted a retrospective data-linkage study including all Dutch inhabitants to investigate the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on excess mortality using a modified self-controlled case series method. We found a 44% lower relative incidence of all-cause deaths in the first three weeks after the primary vaccination compared to more than three weeks after vaccination (IRR 0.56, 95%CI 0.54\u20130.57). This lower incidence was consistent across vaccine types, doses, genders, age groups, and individuals with or without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or comorbidities, and for non-COVID-19 related deaths. For booster vaccinations, the relative incidence was similar (IRR 0.49, 95%CI 0.49\u20130.50). In comparison, we observed a 16-fold higher incidence of all-cause deaths in the three weeks following a registered positive SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to more than three weeks after infection (IRR 16.19, 95%CI 15.78\u201316.60). A lower relative incidence of short-term deaths following COVID-19 vaccination support that COVID-19 vaccination is not associated with the observed excess mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-025-01334-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T07:04:15Z","timestamp":1769238255000},"page":"173-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["COVID-19 vaccination and short-term mortality risk: a nationwide self-controlled case series study in The Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel A. L.","family":"Slurink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemarijn R.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9095-9201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc J. M.","family":"Bonten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1360-2388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam C. J. M.","family":"Sturkenboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-9669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia C. J. L.","family":"Bruijning-Verhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7942","key":"1334_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05522-2","volume":"613","author":"W Msemburi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Msemburi W, Karlinsky A, Knutson V, Aleshin-Guendel S, Chatterji S, Wakefield J. The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature. 2023;613(7942):130\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05522-2.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1334_CR2","unstructured":"Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek en Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu. Sterfte en oversterfte in 2020 en 2021. Juni 2022. https:\/\/www.cbs.nl\/nl-nl\/longread\/rapportages\/2022\/sterfte-en-oversterfte-in-2020-en-2021?onepage=true"},{"issue":"1","key":"1334_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.8565","volume":"326","author":"N Al Kaabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al Kaabi N, Zhang Y, Xia S, et al. Effect of 2 inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on symptomatic COVID-19 infection in adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326(1):35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.8565.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"1334_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02397-y","volume":"20","author":"B Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng B, Gao L, Zhou Q, Yu K, Sun F. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-022-02397-y","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"31","key":"1334_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.06.005","volume":"41","author":"B de Gier","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Gier B, van Asten L, Boere TM, et al. Effect of COVID-19 vaccination on mortality by COVID-19 and on mortality by other causes, the Netherlands, January 2021-January 2022. Vaccine. 2023;41(31):4488\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.06.005.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1334_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.009","volume":"114","author":"C Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng C, Shao W, Chen X, Zhang B, Wang G, Zhang W. Real-world effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines: a literature review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;114:252\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.009","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"1334_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(22)00320-6","volume":"22","author":"OJ Watson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Watson OJ, Barnsley G, Toor J, Hogan AB, Winskill P, Ghani AC. Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(9):1293\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(22)00320-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1334_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135","volume":"144","author":"B Bozkurt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bozkurt B, Kamat I, Hotez PJ. Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Circulation. 2021;144(6):471\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056135","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1334_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117607","volume":"428","author":"M Sharifian-Dorche","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharifian-Dorche M, Bahmanyar M, Sharifian-Dorche A, Mohammadi P, Nomovi M, Mowla A. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis post COVID-19 vaccination; a systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2021;428:117607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117607.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1334_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01630-0","volume":"28","author":"M Patone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L, et al. Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2022;28(2):410\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01630-0.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1334_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2318","volume":"32","author":"A Fazlollahi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fazlollahi A, Zahmatyar M, Noori M, et al. Cardiac complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review of case reports and case series. Rev Med Virol. 2022;32(4):e2318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2318","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1334_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01556-7","volume":"27","author":"M Patone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patone M, Handunnetthi L, Saatci D, et al. Neurological complications after first dose of COVID-19 vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2021;27(12):2144\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01556-7.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1334_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu S. COVID-19 vaccination and non\u2013COVID-19 mortality risk\u2014seven integrated health care organizations, United States, Dec 14, 2020\u2013Jul 31, 2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2021; 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7043e2","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7043e2"},{"issue":"3","key":"1334_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.12.036","volume":"41","author":"S Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu S, Huang R, Sy LS, et al. A safety study evaluating non-COVID-19 mortality risk following COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccine. 2023;41(3):844\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.12.036.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"1334_CR15","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Oversterfte Tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie: Onderzoek Onder mensen Met En Zonder COVID-19 vaccinatie","author":"C Rijpkema","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rijpkema C, Heins M, Bos I, Ramerman L, Verheij R, Hek K. Oversterfte tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie: onderzoek onder mensen met en zonder COVID-19 vaccinatie. Utrecht: Nivel; 2024. p. 59. https:\/\/www.nivel.nl\/nl\/publicatie\/oversterfte-tijdens-de-covid-19-pandemie-onderzoek-onder-mensen-met-en-zonder-covid-19"},{"issue":"10","key":"1334_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9325","volume":"41","author":"Y Ghebremichael-Weldeselassie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghebremichael-Weldeselassie Y, Jabagi MJ, Botton J, et al. A modified self-controlled case series method for event-dependent exposures and high event-related mortality, with application to COVID-19 vaccine safety. Stat Med. 2022;41(10):1735\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.9325.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"1334_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126356","volume":"42","author":"LE Wee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wee LE, Malek MIBA, Tan J, et al. Risk of death and cardiovascular events following COVID-19 vaccination or positive SARS-CoV-2 test amongst adult Singaporeans during Omicron transmission. Vaccine. 2024;42(26):126356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126356.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"7","key":"1334_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.02.032","volume":"42","author":"S Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu S, Sy LS, Hong V, et al. Mortality risk after COVID-19 vaccination: A self-controlled case series study. Vaccine. 2024;42(7):1731\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.02.032.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"39","key":"1334_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.08.039","volume":"40","author":"E Stivanello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stivanello E, Beghelli C, Cardoni F. Short-term mortality following COVID-19 vaccination in Bologna, Italy: a one-year study. Vaccine. 2022;40(39):5709\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.08.039.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"52","key":"1334_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.10.088","volume":"40","author":"Y Takeuchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takeuchi Y, Iwagami M, Ono S, Michihata N, Uemura K, Yasunaga H. A post-marketing safety assessment of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination for serious adverse outcomes using administrative claims data linked with vaccination registry in a City of Japan. Vaccine. 2022;40(52):7622\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.10.088.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1334_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36494-0","volume":"14","author":"V Nafilyan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nafilyan V, Bermingham CR, Ward IL, et al. Risk of death following COVID-19 vaccination or positive SARS-CoV-2 test in young people in England. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):1541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-36494-0.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1334_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ciabattini A, Nardini C, Santoro F, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Medaglini D, editors. Vaccination in the elderly: the challenge of immune changes with aging. Semin Immunol. 2018;40:83\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smim.2018.10.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.10.010"},{"key":"1334_CR23","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. International Statistical Classification of Diseases Related Health Problems 10th Revision Geneva: WHO. 2019. Accessed 10 Jun 2024. https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en."},{"key":"1334_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. International Guidelines for Certification and Classification (coding) of COVID-19 as Cause of Death Based on ICD International Statistical Classification of Diseases (20 April 2020). 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/international-guidelines-for-certification-and-classification-(coding)-of-covid-19-as-cause-of-death. Accessed 10 Jul 2025."},{"key":"1334_CR25","unstructured":"Valk A, van Meijeren D, Smorenburg N et al. Vaccinatiegraad COVID-19 vaccinatie Nederland, 2021. 2022. https:\/\/www.rivm.nl\/publicaties\/vaccinatiegraad-covid-19-vaccinatie-nederland-2021"},{"key":"1334_CR26","unstructured":"Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu. Ministerie van Volksgezondheid. COVID-19-vaccinatie Uitvoeringsrichtlijn. Professionele standaard voor COVID-19-vaccinatie 2021. Versie 5 februari 2021. 2021. Accessed 10 Jun 2024. https:\/\/lci.rivm.nl\/richtlijnen\/covid-19-vaccinatie"},{"key":"1334_CR27","unstructured":"Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu. COVID-19 Richtlijn 2022 [updated 31-10-2023]. 2022. Accessed 10 Jun 2024. https:\/\/lci.rivm.nl\/richtlijnen\/covid-19."},{"key":"1334_CR28","volume-title":"International classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death. Ninth revision (ICD-9)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1987","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death. Ninth revision (ICD-9). Geneva: World Health Organization; 1987."},{"key":"1334_CR29","volume-title":"- Version 3.0","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2024","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Core protocol for ECDC VEBIS studies of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation with severe acute respiratory infection laboratory-confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 or seasonal influenza. Version 3.0. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"1334_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxn013","volume":"10","author":"CP Farrington","year":"2009","unstructured":"Farrington CP, Whitaker HJ, Hocine MN. Case series analysis for censored, perturbed, or curtailed post-event exposures. Biostatistics. 2009;10(1):3\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxn013","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"issue":"10","key":"1334_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2302","volume":"25","author":"HJ Whitaker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Whitaker HJ, Paddy Farrington C, Spiessens B, Musonda P. Tutorial in biostatistics: the self-controlled case series method. Stat Med. 2006;25(10):1768\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.2302","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1334_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429491313","volume-title":"Self-controlled case series studies: a modelling guide with R","author":"P Farrington","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farrington P, Whitaker H, Ghebremichael-Weldeselassie Y. Self-controlled case series studies: a modelling guide with R. Taylor & Francis; 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9780429491313"},{"issue":"6","key":"1334_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0057","volume":"1","author":"J Jesus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jesus J, Chandler RE. Estimating functions and the generalized method of moments. Interface Focus. 2011;1(6):871\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0057","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"1334_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1154-y","volume":"15","author":"C Remschmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Remschmidt C, Wichmann O, Harder T. Frequency and impact of confounding by indication and healthy vaccinee bias in observational studies assessing influenza vaccine effectiveness: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-015-1154-y","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1334_CR35","unstructured":"Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu. Ministerie van Volksgezondheid. COVID-19-vaccinatie Uitvoeringsrichtlijn. Versie 2 september 2024 (versie 7.0). 2024. https:\/\/lci.rivm.nl\/richtlijnen\/covid-19-vaccinatie"},{"key":"1334_CR36","unstructured":"Rijpkema C, Ramerman L, Hek K, Bos I, Verheij R. Oversterfte tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie in Nederland nader onderzocht: de associatie met medische voorgeschiedenis, sociaaleconomische en demografische Kenmerken. Utrecht: Nivel, 2023. 37 p. https:\/\/www.nivel.nl\/nl\/publicatie\/oversterfte-tijdens-de-covid-19-pandemie-nederland-nader-onderzocht-de-associatie-met"},{"issue":"1","key":"1334_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26232","volume":"93","author":"B Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu B, Huang S, Yin L. The cytokine storm and COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):250\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.26232","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1334_CR38","unstructured":"Harrison EM, Docherty A, Semple C. COVID-19: time from symptom onset until death in UK hospitalised patients. 2020.\u00a0 Accessed 30 Nov 2020. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk."},{"issue":"6","key":"1334_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00042-X","volume":"10","author":"BJ Wright","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wright BJ, Tideman S, Diaz GA, French T, Parsons GT, Robicsek A. Comparative vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 over time in US hospital administrative data: a case-control study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(6):557\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00042-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"1334_CR40","volume":"168","author":"OM Dekkers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dekkers OM, Groenwold RH. Doodsoorzaken: de Onzekerheid achter de Cijfers. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2024;168:D8059.","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01334-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01334-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01334-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:03:13Z","timestamp":1773244993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01334-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-025-01334-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0393-2990","1573-7284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0393-2990","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"MB has regular interaction with pharmaceutical and other industrial partners. He has not received personal fees or other personal benefits. UMCU and\/or Ecraid received funding for study collaboration from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Janssen, Pfizer, MSD, Novavax, Sequiris and GSK. UMCU and\/or Ecraid received funding as part of the public private partnership IMI-funded COMBACTE-NET, COMBACTE-CARE, COMBACTE-MAGNET, VITAL and PriMaVeRA. MS is head of a department that conducts studies for the European Medicines Agency, the European Commission, and medicine manufacturers, all according to the ENCePP code of conduct. MS does not hold personal financial relationships with the companies. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}