{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:15:23Z","timestamp":1790270123276,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-026-01442-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:46:44Z","timestamp":1786164404000},"page":"985-992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proximity to nuclear power plants and total mortality risk in the USA during 2000\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0804-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazan","family":"Alwadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitara Leili Kandula","family":"Sastry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernani F.","family":"Choma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina L. Zilli","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray A.","family":"Mittleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zanobetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaguang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Koutrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1442_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-69285-4","volume":"17","author":"Y Alwadi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alwadi Y, Alahmad B, Vieira CLZ, Landrigan PJ, Christiani DC, Garshick E, Kaltofen M, Coull B, Schwartz J, Evans JS, Koutrakis P. National analysis of cancer mortality and proximity to nuclear power plants in the United States. Nat Commun. 2026;17:1560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-69285-4.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1442_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-025-01248-6","volume":"24","author":"Y Alwadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alwadi Y, Evans JS, Schwartz J, Vieira CLZ, Christiani DC, Coull BA, Koutrakis P. Residential proximity to nuclear power plants and cancer incidence in Massachusetts, USA (2000\u20132018). Environ. Health 2025;24:92.","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"1442_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-026-00922-2","author":"Y Alwadi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Alwadi Y, Schwartz J, et al. A national analysis of the impact of proximity to nuclear power plants on lung, breast and colon cancer mortalities in the U.S., 2000\u20132018 (provisionally accepted). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2026. .","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"1442_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00454-1","volume":"403","author":"M Brauer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brauer M, Roth GA, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abate KH, Abate YH, et al. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403:2162\u2013203. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00454-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1442_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2307\/3578592","volume":"138","author":"L Carpenter","year":"1994","unstructured":"Carpenter L, Higgins C, Douglas A, Fraser P, Beral V, Smith P. Combined analysis of mortality in three United Kingdom nuclear industry workforces, 1946\u20131988. Radiat Res. 1994;138:224\u201338.","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"1442_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN). Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): population density, revision 11. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC); 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW","DOI":"10.7927\/H49C6VHW"},{"key":"1442_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022."},{"key":"1442_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104909","volume":"130","author":"Q Di","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Q, Amini H, Shi L, Kloog I, Silvern R, Kelly J, Sabath MB, Choirat C, Koutrakis P, Lyapustin A, et al. An ensemble-based model of PM2. 5 concentration across the contiguous United States with high spatiotemporal resolution. Environ Int. 2019;130:104909.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1442_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2307\/3579540","volume":"148","author":"E Frome","year":"1997","unstructured":"Frome E, Cragle D, Watkins J, Wing S, Shy C, Tankersley W, West C. A mortality study of employees of the nuclear industry in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Radiat Res. 1997;148:64\u201380.","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"1442_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-007-0134-z","volume":"47","author":"GP Hammer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hammer GP, Fehringer F, Seitz G, Zeeb H, Dulon M, Langner I, Blettner M. Exposure and mortality in a cohort of German nuclear power workers. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2008;47:95\u20139.","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"1442_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf4915","volume":"382","author":"L Henneman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henneman L, Choirat C, Dedoussi I, Dominici F, Roberts J, Zigler C. Mortality risk from United States coal electricity generation. Science. 2023;382:941\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1442_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6821.220","volume":"304","author":"G Kendall","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kendall G, Muirhead C, MacGibbon B, O\u2019Hagan J, Conquest A, Goodill A, Butland B, Fell T, Jackson D, Webb M. Mortality and occupational exposure to radiation: first analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers. Br Med J. 1992;304:220\u20135.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1442_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.11.006","volume":"87","author":"J Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim J, Bang Y, Lee WJ. Living near nuclear power plants and thyroid cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2016;87:42\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"1442_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1204982","volume":"120","author":"MP De Little","year":"2012","unstructured":"Little MP, Azizova TV, Bazyka D, Bouffler SD, Cardis E, Chekin S, Chumak VV, Cucinotta FA, De Vathaire F, Hall P, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of circulatory disease from exposure to low-level ionizing radiation and estimates of potential population mortality risks. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:1503.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1442_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-101149","volume":"70","author":"C Metz-Flamant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Metz-Flamant C, Laurent O, Samson E, Ca\u00ebr-Lorho S, Acker A, Hubert D, Richardson D, Laurier D. Mortality associated with chronic external radiation exposure in the French combined cohort of nuclear workers. Occup Environ Med. 2013;70:630\u20138.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"1442_CR16","volume-title":"Leveraging Advances in Modern Science to Revitalize Low-Dose Radiation Research in the United States","author":"Medicine","year":"2022","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and, Medicine. Low-dose radiation exposures and health effects, in Leveraging Advances in Modern Science to Revitalize Low-Dose Radiation Research in the United States. Washington, DC: National Academies; 2022."},{"key":"1442_CR17","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics. Detailed mortality \u2013 all counties (2000\u20132018), as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. National Center for Health Statistics; 2020."},{"key":"1442_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-22-00153.1","volume":"199","author":"T Srivastava","year":"2023","unstructured":"Srivastava T, Chirikova E, Birk S, Xiong F, Benzouak T, Liu JY, Villeneuve PJ, Zablotska LB. Exposure to ionizing radiation and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiat Res. 2023;199:490\u2013505.","journal-title":"Radiat Res"},{"key":"1442_CR19","unstructured":"Thornton M, Shrestha R, Wei Y, Thornton P, Kao S-C. Daymet: Daily surface weather data on a 1-km grid for North America, version 4 R1. ORNL Distrib. Act. Arch. Cent. DAAC Dataset 103334ORNLDAAC2129; 2022."},{"key":"1442_CR20","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. 2010 Summary File Data and Documentation. U.S. Census Bureau; 2024."},{"key":"1442_CR21","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. 2020 Summary File Data and Documentation. U.S. Census Bureau; 2022."},{"key":"1442_CR22","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2000 Summary File 1. U.S. Census Bureau; 2001."},{"key":"1442_CR23","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Administration. Table 7.2a. Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production. U.S. Energy Information Administration; 2026."},{"key":"1442_CR24","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Administration. Nuclear Reactor Capacity and Ownership. U.S. Energy Information Administration; 2024."},{"key":"1442_CR25","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Nuclear power plants. US Environmental Protection Agency; 2018."},{"key":"1442_CR26","unstructured":"US Environmental Protection Agency. Radiation Regulations and Laws. US Environmental Protection Agency; 2014."},{"key":"1442_CR27","volume-title":"Progress report: emissions reductions","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"2018","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Progress report: emissions reductions. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); 2018."},{"key":"1442_CR28","unstructured":"US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Radiation basics. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission; 2020."},{"key":"1442_CR29","first-page":"2129","volume-title":"Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors","author":"S Vander Hoorn","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vander Hoorn S. Estimating attributable burden of disease from exposure and hazard data. In: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL, editors. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. p. 2129\u201340."},{"key":"1442_CR30","unstructured":"World Nuclear Association. Reactor database global dashboard. World Nuclear Association; 2025."},{"key":"1442_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radmeas.2023.106978","volume":"168","author":"M Yasumiishi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yasumiishi M, Masoudi P, Nishimura T, Ochi K, Ye X, Aldstadt J, Komissarov M. Assessment of ambient dose equivalent rate distribution patterns in a forested-rugged terrain using field-measured and modeled dose equivalent rates. Radiat Meas. 2023;168:106978.","journal-title":"Radiat Meas"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-026-01442-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10654-026-01442-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10654-026-01442-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:52:26Z","timestamp":1790268746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10654-026-01442-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-026-01442-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0393-2990","1573-7284"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0393-2990","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7284","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"We declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The all-cause mortality data obtained from the CDC are confidential and cannot be shared. All other data sources are publicly available.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data sharing","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}