{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T08:19:06Z","timestamp":1794039546607,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although existing studies mainly focused on the air quality status in Bangladesh, quantifying the natural and manmade effects, the frequency of high pollution levels, and the associated health risks remained beyond detailed investigation. Air quality and meteorological data from the Department of Environment for 2012\u20132019 were analyzed, attempting to answer those questions. Cluster analysis of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, and gaseous pollutants implied that Dhaka and neighboring cities, Narayangonj and Gazipur, are from similar sources compared to the other major cities in the country. Apart from the transboundary sources, land use types and climate parameters unevenly affected local pollution loadings across city domains. The particulate concentrations persistently remained above the national standard for almost half the year, with the peaks during the dry months. Even though nitrogen oxides remained high in all three cities, other gaseous pollutants, such as CO and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, except SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, showed elevated concentrations solely in Dhaka city. Concentrations of gaseous pollutants in Dhaka vary spatially, but no statistical differences could be discerned between the working days and holidays. Frequency analysis results and hazard quotients revealed the likelihood of adverse health outcomes in Narayangonj ensuing from particulate exposures surpasses the other cities for different age, gender, and occupation groups. Nonetheless, school-aged children and construction workers were most at risk from chronic exposure to gaseous pollutants mostly in Dhaka. One limitation of this study was that the routine air quality monitoring happens just from five sites, making the evidence-based study concerning health outcomes quite challenging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-12046-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T03:01:58Z","timestamp":1700622118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A quantitative assessment of natural and anthropogenic effects on the occurrence of high air pollution loading in Dhaka and neighboring cities and health consequences"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Riaz Hossain","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahidul","family":"Quayyum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahanaj","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"12046_CR1","unstructured":"Air pollution control Rule (2022, July 26). https:\/\/mccibd.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/Air-Pollution-Control-Rules-2022.pdf."},{"key":"12046_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"An, F., Liu, J., Lu, W., & Jareemit, D. (2021). A review of the effect of traffic-related air pollution around schools on student health and its mitigation. Journal of Transport & Health, 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jth.2021.101249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2021.101249"},{"key":"12046_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00255-2","volume":"6","author":"SC Anenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anenberg, S. C., Mohegh, A., Goldberg, D. L., Kerr, G. H., Brauer, M., Burkart, K., Hystad, P., Larkin, A., Wozniak, S., & Lamsal, L. (2022). Long-term trends in urban NO2 concentrations and associated pediatric asthma incidence: Estimates from global datasets. Lancet Planet Health, 6, 49\u201358.","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"12046_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2011.020","volume":"2","author":"BA Begum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Begum, B. A., Biswas, S. K., Pandit, G. G., Saradhib, I. V., Waheed, S., Siddique, N., Seneviratne, M. C. S., Cohen, D. D., Markwitz, A., & Hopke, P. K. (2011a). Long range transport of soil dust and smoke pollution in the south Asian region. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2, 151\u2013157.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"12046_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.10.022","volume":"45","author":"BA Begum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Begum, B. A., Biswas, S. K., & Hopke, P. K. (2011b). Key issues in controlling air pollutants in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 7705\u20137713.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"12046_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5572\/ajae.2011.5.4.237","volume":"5","author":"BA Begum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Begum, B. A., Hossain, A., Saroar, G., Biswas, S. K., Nasiruddin, M., Nahar, N., Chowdury, Z., & Hopke, P. K. (2011c). Sources of carbonaceous materials in the airborne particulate matter of Dhaka. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE), 5, 237\u2013246.","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE)"},{"key":"12046_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2017.12.0604","volume":"19","author":"BA Begum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Begum, B. A., & Hopke, P. K. (2019). Identification of sources from chemical characterization of fine particulate matter and assessment of ambient air quality in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19, 118\u2013128.","journal-title":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"12046_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2013.008","volume":"4","author":"BA Begum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Begum, B. A., Hopke, P. K., & Markwitz, A. (2013). Air pollution by fine particulate matter in Bangladesh. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4(1), 75\u20138.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"12046_CR9","first-page":"34","volume":"2","author":"BA Begum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Begum, B. A., Hopke, P. K., & Markwitz, A. (2016). An approach for quantitative estimation of long range transport of fine particulate matter entering Bangladesh. International Journal of Integrated Sciences & Technology, 2, 34\u201338.","journal-title":"International Journal of Integrated Sciences & Technology"},{"issue":"27","key":"12046_CR10","first-page":"3930","volume":"4","author":"B Begum","year":"2014","unstructured":"Begum, B., Nasiruddin, M., Randal, S., Sivertsen, B., & Hopke, P. (2014). Identification and apportionment of sources from air particulate matter at urban environments in Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 4(27), 3930\u20133955.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Science and Technology"},{"key":"12046_CR11","unstructured":"Brick Kiln Establishment and Installation Act (2013). https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/248176947\/Brick-Kiln-Act-2013."},{"key":"12046_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00c7apraz, O., & Deniz, A. (2021). Assessment of hospitalizations from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute bronchitis in relation to air pollution in \u0130stanbul, Turkey. Sustainable Cities and Society, 72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103040"},{"key":"12046_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.08.003","volume":"182","author":"D Cesari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cesari, D., Donateo, A., Conte, M., & Contini, D. (2016). Inter-comparison of source apportionment of PM10 using PMF and CMB in three sites nearby an industrial area in central Italy. Atmospheric Research, 182, 282\u2013293.","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"12046_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07236-x","volume":"27","author":"C Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, C., Liu, X., Wang, X., Qu, W., Li, W., & Dong, L. (2020). Effect of air pollution on hospitalization for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 3384\u20133400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-07236-x","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"12046_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2018.1488263","volume":"39","author":"A Dehghan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dehghan, A., Khanjani, N., Bahrampour, A., Goudarzi, G., & Yunesian, M. (2020). Short-term effects of ambient (outdoor) air pollution on cardiovascular death in Tehran, Iran \u2013 A time series study. Toxin Reviews, 39(2), 167\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15569543.2018.1488263","journal-title":"Toxin Reviews"},{"key":"12046_CR16","unstructured":"Department of Environment (DoE) (2019). Ambient air quality in Bangladesh. http:\/\/case.doe.gov.bd."},{"key":"12046_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dimakopoulou, K., Douros, J., Samoli, E., Karakatsani, A., Rodopoulou, S., Papakosta, D., Grivas, G., Tsilingiridis, G., Mudway, I., Moussiopoulos, N., & Katsouyanni, K. (2020). Long-term exposure to ozone and children\u2019s respiratory health: Results from the RESPOZE study. Environmental Research, 182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109002"},{"key":"12046_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Du, W., Zhang, W., Hu, H., Zhang, M., He, Y., & Li, Z. (2019). Associations between ambient air pollution and hospitalizations for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Jinhua. Chemosphere, 267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128905"},{"key":"12046_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Embiale, A., Chandravanshi, B. S., Zewge, F., & Sahle-Demessie, E. (2020). Health risk assessment of total volatile organic compounds, particulate matters and trace elements in PM10 in typical living rooms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03067319.2020.1814266","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2020.1814266"},{"key":"12046_CR20","unstructured":"Environmental Conservation Act (ECA) (1995). https:\/\/bangladeshbiosafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Bangladesh_Environmental_Conservation_Act_1995.pdf."},{"key":"12046_CR21","unstructured":"Environmental conservation rules (ECR) (1997). https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/bgd19918.pdf."},{"key":"12046_CR22","unstructured":"Environmental pollution control ordinance (EPC) (1977). https:\/\/pksf.org.bd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/The-environmet-pollution-control-ordinance1977.pdf."},{"key":"12046_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gabriel, M. F., Paci\u00eancia, I., Felgueiras, F., Rufo, J. C., Mendes, F. C., Farraia, M., Mour\u00e3o, Z., Moreira, A., & Fernandes, E. O. (2021). Environmental quality in primary schools and related health effects in children. An overview of assessments conducted in the Northern Portugal. Energy and Buildings, 250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111305"},{"issue":"6","key":"12046_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.30955\/gnj.004613","volume":"25","author":"A Gandhimathi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gandhimathi, A., Manju, R., Ramadevi, K., Rajalakshmi, S., & Mayilvahanan, I. (2023). A study of environmental impact of air pollution on human health: PM deposition modelling. Global NEST Journal, 25(6), 35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30955\/gnj.004613","journal-title":"Global NEST Journal"},{"key":"12046_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.125","volume":"232","author":"N Gouveia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gouveia, N., & Junger, W. L. (2018). Effects of air pollution on infant and children respiratory mortality in four large Latin-American cities. Environmental Pollution, 232, 385\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.08.125","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"3","key":"12046_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0152433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152433","volume":"11","author":"MH Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, M. H., Yi, H. J., Kim, Y. S., Ko, Y., & Kim, Y. S. (2016). Association between diurnal variation of ozone concentration and stroke occurrence: 24-hour time series study. PLoS One, 11(3), e0152433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0152433","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"12046_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-015-1879-3","volume":"79","author":"M Ikram","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ikram, M., Yan, Z., Liu, Y., & Qu, W. (2015). Seasonal effects of temperature fluctuations on air quality and respiratory disease: A study in Beijing. Natural Hazards, 79, 833\u2013853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-015-1879-3","journal-title":"Natural Hazards"},{"key":"12046_CR28","unstructured":"Import Policy Order 2015-2018 (2016). https:\/\/basis.org.bd\/public\/files\/policy\/5e16509e92820Import%20Policy%20order.pdf."},{"key":"12046_CR29","first-page":"67","volume":"43","author":"MM Islam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Islam, M. M., Afrin, S., Ahmed, T., & Ali, M. A. (2015). Meteorological and seasonal influences in ambient air quality parameters of Dhaka city. Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 43, 67\u201377.","journal-title":"Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB)"},{"key":"12046_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08915-y","volume":"20","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Chen, J., Wu, C., Lin, X., Zhou, Q., Ji, S., Yang, S., Zhang, X., & Liu, B. (2020). Temporal cross-correlations between air pollutants and outpatient visits for respiratory and circulatory system diseases in Fuzhou, China. BMC Public Health, 20, 1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"23","key":"12046_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12354","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312354","volume":"18","author":"TG Krupnova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krupnova, T. G., Rakova, O. V., Bondarenko, K. A., Saifullin, A. F., Popova, D. A., Potgieter-Vermaak, S., & Godoi, R. H. M. (2021). Elemental composition of PM2.5 and PM10 and health risks assessment in the industrial districts of Chelyabinsk, South Ural Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182312354","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"12046_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kurata, M., Takahashi, K., & Hibiki, A. (2020). Gender differences in associations of household and ambient air pollution with child health: Evidence from household and satellite-based data in Bangladesh. World Development, 128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.104779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2019.104779"},{"key":"12046_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2019.00843","volume":"64","author":"JT Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, J. T. (2021). Review of epidemiological studies on air pollution and health effects in children. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics, 64, 3\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/cep.2019.00843","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics"},{"key":"12046_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30085-3","volume":"3","author":"L Liang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liang, L., Cai, Y., Barratt, B., Lyu, B., Chan, Q., Hansell, A. L., Xie, W., Zhang, D., Kelly, F. J., & Tong, Z. (2019). Associations between daily air quality and hospitalisations for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, 2013\u201317: An ecological analysis. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3, 270\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30085-3","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health"},{"key":"12046_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maharjan, A., Adhikari, S., Ahmad, R., Ahmad, U., Ali, Z., Bajracharya, S., Baniya, J., Bhattarai, S., Gautam, A., Gilmore, E., Ko, H. M., Myat, N., Myint, T., Mahapatra, P. S., Mishra, A., & Singh, C. (2022). Air pollution exposure and its impacts on everyday life and livelihoods of vulnerable urban populations in South Asia. Environmental Research Communications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2515-7620\/ac77e0","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ac77e0"},{"key":"12046_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013941","volume":"7","author":"OM Morakinyo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morakinyo, O. M., Adebowale, A. S., Mokgobu, M. I., & Mukhola, M. S. (2017). Health risk of inhalation exposure to sub-10 \u03bcm particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in an urban-industrial area in South Africa: An ecological study. BMJ Open, 7, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013941","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"12046_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073653","volume":"18","author":"OM Morakinyo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morakinyo, O. M., Mukhola, M. S., & Mokgobu, M. I. (2021). Health risk analysis of elemental components of an industrially emitted respirable particulate matter in an urban area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 3653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18073653","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"12046_CR38","unstructured":"National Environmental Policy (2018). https:\/\/bangladeshbiosafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/National-Environment-Policy_2018.pdf."},{"key":"12046_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114798","volume":"264","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman, M. M., Begum, B. A., Hopke, P. K., Nahar, K., & Thurston, G. D. (2020). Assessing the PM2.5 impact of biomass combustion in megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environmental Pollution, 264, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114798","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"4","key":"12046_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2018.1548388","volume":"69","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahman, M. M., Mahamud, S., & Thurston, G. D. (2019). Recent spatial gradients and time trends in Dhaka, Bangladesh, air pollution and their human health implications. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 69(4), 478\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10962247.2018.1548388","journal-title":"Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association"},{"key":"12046_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ISSN 2212-0955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100804","volume":"36, 100804","author":"MS Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahman, M. S., Bhuiyan, S. S., Ahmed, Z., Saha, N., & Begum, B. A. (2021). Characterization and source apportionment of elemental species in PM2.5 with especial emphasis on seasonal variation in the capital city \u201cDhaka\u201d Bangladesh. Urban Climate, 36, 100804, ISSN 2212-0955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.uclim.2021.100804","journal-title":"Urban Climate"},{"issue":"1","key":"12046_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5572\/ajae.2020.14.1.047","volume":"14","author":"MM Rana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rana, M. M., & Khan, M. H. (2020). Trend characteristics of atmospheric particulate matters in major urban areas of Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 14(1), 47\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5572\/ajae.2020.14.1.047","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment"},{"key":"12046_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021101025","volume":"110","author":"J Schwartz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schwartz, J., Laden, F., & Zanobetti, A. (2002). The concentration-response relation between PM (2.5) and daily deaths. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 1025\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.021101025","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"12046_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.15517\/rmta.v12i1-2.259","volume":"12","author":"M Smail","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smail, M., & Myrtene, C. (2004). Estimating parameters of Gumbel distribution using the methods of moments, probability weighted moments and maximum likelihood. Revista de Matem\u00e1tica Teor\u00eda y Aplicaciones, 12(1-2), 151\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15517\/rmta.v12i1-2.259","journal-title":"Revista de Matem\u00e1tica Teor\u00eda y Aplicaciones"},{"issue":"2","key":"12046_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556231","DOI":"10.19080\/IJESNR.2021.28.556231","volume":"28","author":"C Sushan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sushan, C. (2021). Potential hazards of air pollution on environment, health and agriculture. International Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Research, 28(2), 556231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19080\/IJESNR.2021.28.556231","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Research"},{"key":"12046_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"USEPA. (2016). Criteria air pollutants. Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, 218\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-54596-2_200326","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54596-2_200326"},{"key":"12046_CR47","volume-title":"Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Volume I Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). I 289","author":"USEPA","year":"1989","unstructured":"USEPA. (1989). Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Volume I Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). I 289. USEPA."},{"key":"12046_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-021-05304-y","volume":"232","author":"V Vasiliauskien\u0117","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vasiliauskien\u0117, V., Pe\u010diulien\u0117, M., & Jasaitis, D. (2021). Influence of meteorological parameters on the dynamics of ozone and aerosol particles near a road transport street. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 232, 349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-021-05304-y","journal-title":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution"},{"key":"12046_CR49","unstructured":"WHO (2006). Air quality guidelines: Global update 2005: Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/107823"},{"key":"12046_CR50","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Environmental health criteria 210 principles for the assessment of risks to human health from exposure to chemicals","author":"WHO","year":"1999","unstructured":"WHO. (1999). Environmental health criteria 210 principles for the assessment of risks to human health from exposure to chemicals (pp. 76\u201387). WHO."},{"issue":"1","key":"12046_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.12.004","volume":"45","author":"IP Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, I. P., Liao, S. L., Lai, S. H., & Wong, K. S. (2022a). The respiratory impacts of air pollution in children: Global and domestic (Taiwan) situation. Biomedical Journal, 45(1), 88\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bj.2021.12.004","journal-title":"Biomedical Journal"},{"issue":"22","key":"12046_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32788","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17732-8","volume":"29","author":"Y Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Zhuo, B., Cai, M., Qian, Z. M., Vaughn, M. G., McMillin, S. E., Zhang, Z., & Lin, H. (2022b). Global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution and household air pollution from solid fuels from 1990 to 2019. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(22), 32788\u201332799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-17732-8","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"12046_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, H., Yan, C., Li, M., Zhao, L., Long, Z., Fan, Y., Zhang, Z., Chen, R., Huang, Y., Lu, C., Zhang, J., Tang, J., Liu, H., Liu, M., Guo, W., Yang, L., & Zhang, X. (2021). Short term effects of air pollutants on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases among children: A multi-city time-series study in China. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113638"},{"key":"12046_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56578-6","volume":"10","author":"F Yousefan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yousefan, F., Faridi, S., Azimi, F., Aghaei, M., Shamsipour, M., Yaghmaeian, K., & Hassanvand, M. S. (2020). Temporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences on their concentrations in Tehran during 2012\u20132017. Science Reports, Nature Research, 10, 292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-56578-6","journal-title":"Science Reports, Nature Research"},{"key":"12046_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeng, X., Jin, S., Chen, X., & Qiu, Y. (2020). Association between ambient air pollution and pregnancy outcomes in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization in Chengdu, China: A retrospective study. Environmental Research, 184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109304"},{"issue":"6","key":"12046_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16061014","volume":"16","author":"S Zhong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhong, S., Yu, Z., & Zhu, W. (2019). Study of the effects of air pollutants on human health based on Baidu indices of disease symptoms and air quality monitoring data in Beijing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16061014","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-023-12046-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-023-12046-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-023-12046-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T05:31:26Z","timestamp":1703568686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-023-12046-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["12046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-023-12046-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-6369","1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-6369","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on \u201cEthical responsibilities of Authors\u201d as found in the Instructions for Authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"1509"}}