{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:45:46Z","timestamp":1777099546539,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003286","name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN20-15EV-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN20-15EV-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003286","name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN20-15EV-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN20-15EV-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003286","name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN20-15EV-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN20-15EV-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003286","name":"Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PN20-15EV-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN20-15EV-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-12572-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T21:01:26Z","timestamp":1712178086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantifying the impact of urban road traffic on air quality: activity pre-pandemic and during partial and full lockdowns"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Nawaf S.","family":"Alhajeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahad M.","family":"Al-Fadhli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"12572_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.441","volume":"672","author":"FM Al-Fadhli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Fadhli, F. M., Alhajeri, N. S., Aly, A. Z., & Allen, D. T. (2019). The impact of power plant emission variability and fuel switching on the air quality of Kuwait. Science of the Total Environment, 672, 593\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.441","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"12572_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alhajeri, N. S., Dannoun, M., Alrashed, A., & Aly, A. Z. (2019). Environmental and economic impacts of increased utilization of natural gas in the electric power generation sector: Evaluating the benefits and trade-offs of fuel switching. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 71,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jngse.2019.102969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jngse.2019.102969"},{"key":"12572_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban mobility: Empirical evidence from the city of Santander (Spain). (2020). Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9), 3870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su12093870","DOI":"10.3390\/su12093870"},{"key":"12572_CR4","unstructured":"Annual Statistical Bulletin of Transport 2019. (2019). Central Statistical Bureau in Kuwait 2019."},{"key":"12572_CR5","unstructured":"Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (2021). National Transportation Data Archive 2018, United States of America"},{"key":"12572_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141105","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2020.141105","volume":"745","author":"LWA Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, L. W. A., Chien, L. C., Li, Y., & Lin, G. (2020). Nonuniform impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality over the United States. Science of the Total Environment, 745, 141105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2020.141105","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"12572_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Conticini, E., Frediani, B., & Caro, D. (2020). Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy? In Environmental Pollution (Vol. 261). Elsevier Ltd. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114465"},{"key":"12572_CR8","unstructured":"Developer\u2019s Guide. (2021). Google Maps, Directions API."},{"key":"12572_CR9","unstructured":"European Environment Agency. (2016). The EMEP\/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook"},{"key":"12572_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faiz A, Weaver CS, Walsh MP. (1996). Air pollution from motor vehicles: Standards and technologies for controlling emissions. World Bank Publications","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-3444-1"},{"key":"12572_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.03.005","volume":"87","author":"AM Fredenslund","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fredenslund, A. M., M\u00f8nster, J., Kjeldsen, P., & Scheutz, C. (2019). Development and implementation of a screening method to categorise the greenhouse gas mitigation potential of 91 landfills. Waste Management, 87, 915\u2013923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.03.005","journal-title":"Waste Management"},{"key":"12572_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115682","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2020.115682","volume":"267","author":"G Gualtieri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gualtieri, G., Brilli, L., Carotenuto, F., Vagnoli, C., Zaldei, A., & Gioli, B. (2020a). Quantifying road traffic impact on air quality in urban areas: A Covid19-induced lockdown analysis in Italy. Environmental Pollution, 267, 115682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ENVPOL.2020.115682","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"12572_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gualtieri, G., Brilli, L., Carotenuto, F., Vagnoli, C., Zaldei, A., & Gioli, B. (2020). Quantifying road traffic impact on air quality in urban areas: A Covid19-induced lockdown analysis in Italy. Environmental Pollution, 267,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115682"},{"issue":"3","key":"12572_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APR.2019.01.002","volume":"10","author":"SK Guttikunda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guttikunda, S. K., Nishadh, K. A., Gota, S., Singh, P., Chanda, A., Jawahar, P., & Asundi, J. (2019). Air quality, emissions, and source contributions analysis for the Greater Bengaluru region of India. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(3), 941\u2013953. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.APR.2019.01.002","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"12572_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isaifan, R. J. (2020). The dramatic impact of coronavirus outbreak on air quality: Has it saved as much as it has killed so far? Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 6(3), 275\u2013288 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22034\/gjesm.2020.03.01","DOI":"10.22034\/gjesm.2020.03.01"},{"key":"12572_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacyna, M., Wasiak, M., Lewczuk, K., & K\u0142odawski, M. (2014). Simulation model of transport system of Poland as a tool for developing sustainable transport. Archives of Transport, 31(Vol. 31, iss. 3), 23--35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/08669546.1146982","DOI":"10.5604\/08669546.1146982"},{"key":"12572_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacyna-Go\u0142da, I., Jolanta, Z., & Go\u0142\u00eabiowski, P. (2014). Models of traffic flow distribution for various scenarios of the development of proecological transport system. Archives of Transport, Vol. 32, iss. 4(4), 17\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/08669546.1146994","DOI":"10.5604\/08669546.1146994"},{"key":"12572_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2020.139179","volume":"730","author":"A Kerimray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerimray, A., Baimatova, N., Ibragimova, O. P., Bukenov, B., Kenessov, B., Plotitsyn, P., & Karaca, F. (2020). Assessing air quality changes in large cities during COVID-19 lockdowns: The impacts of traffic-free urban conditions in Almaty Kazakhstan. Science of the Total Environment, 730, 139179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2020.139179","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"12572_CR19","unstructured":"Kuwait City Traffic. (2020). TomTom."},{"key":"12572_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li, L., Li, Q., Huang, L., Wang, Q., Zhu, A., Xu, J., Liu, Z., Li, H., Shi, L., Li, R., Azari, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, Z., Zhu, Y., Zhang, K., Xue, S., Ooi, M. C. G., Zhang, D., & Chan, A. (2020). Air quality changes during the COVID-19 lockdown over the Yangtze River Delta Region: An insight into the impact of human activity pattern changes on air pollution variation. Science of the Total Environment, 732,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139282"},{"key":"12572_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lian, X., Huang, J., Huang, R., Liu, C., Wang, L., & Zhang, T. (2020). Impact of city lockdown on the air quality of COVID-19-hit of Wuhan city. Science of the Total Environment, 742,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140556"},{"key":"12572_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lokhandwala, S., & Gautam, P. (2020). Indirect impact of COVID-19 on environment: A brief study in Indian context. Environmental Research, 188,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109807"},{"key":"12572_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loumiotis, I., Demestichas, K., Adamopoulou, E., Kosmides, P., Asthenopoulos, V., & Sykas, E. (2018). Road Traffic Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks.","DOI":"10.23919\/SEEDA-CECNSM.2018.8544943"},{"key":"12572_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.02.007","volume":"87","author":"F Matacchiera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Matacchiera, F., Manes, C., Beaven, R. P., Rees-White, T. C., Boano, F., M\u00f8nster, J., & Scheutz, C. (2019). AERMOD as a Gaussian dispersion model for planning tracer gas dispersion tests for landfill methane emission quantification. Waste Management, 87, 924\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.02.007","journal-title":"Waste Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"12572_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.03.025","volume":"34","author":"JG M\u00f8nster","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00f8nster, J. G., Samuelsson, J., Kjeldsen, P., Rella, C. W., & Scheutz, C. (2014). Quantifying methane emission from fugitive sources by combining tracer release and downwind measurements - A sensitivity analysis based on multiple field surveys. Waste Management, 34(8), 1416\u20131428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.03.025","journal-title":"Waste Management"},{"key":"12572_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakada, L. Y. K., & Urban, R. C. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on the air quality during the partial lockdown in S\u00e3o Paulo state Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 730,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139087"},{"key":"12572_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An integrated framework for exploring the tradeoffs between cost-optimized fuel allocation and regional air quality impacts in a water-energy nexus infrastructure. (2022). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 62561\u201362578.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20118-z"},{"issue":"3","key":"12572_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04020025","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527","volume":"21","author":"S Parr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parr, S., Wolshon, B., Renne, J., Murray-Tuite, P., Asce, A. M., & Kim, K. (2020). Traffic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: Statewide analysis of social separation and activity restriction. Natural hazards review, 21(3), 04020025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)NH.1527","journal-title":"Natural hazards review"},{"issue":"3","key":"12572_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/J.APR.2019.11.018","volume":"11","author":"JA Pinto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pinto, J. A., Kumar, P., Alonso, M. F., Andre\u00e3o, W. L., Pedruzzi, R., dos Santos, F. S., Moreira, D. M., de Albuquerque, T. T., & A. (2020). Traffic data in air quality modeling: A review of key variables, improvements in results, open problems and challenges in current research. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 11(3), 454\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.APR.2019.11.018","journal-title":"Atmospheric Pollution Research"},{"key":"12572_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126660","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCLEPRO.2021.126660","volume":"297","author":"M Ranjbari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ranjbari, M., Shams Esfandabadi, Z., Zanetti, M. C., Scagnelli, S. D., Siebers, P. O., Aghbashlo, M., Peng, W., Quatraro, F., & Tabatabaei, M. (2021). Three pillars of sustainability in the wake of COVID-19: A systematic review and future research agenda for sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 297, 126660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCLEPRO.2021.126660","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"12572_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128425","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCLEPRO.2021.128425","volume":"317","author":"M Ravina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ravina, M., Esfandabadi, Z. S., Panepinto, D., & Zanetti, M. (2021). Traffic-induced atmospheric pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown: Dispersion modeling based on traffic flow monitoring in Turin Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 317, 128425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCLEPRO.2021.128425","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"12572_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142374","volume":"754","author":"K Ropkins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ropkins, K., & Tate, J. E. (2021). Early observations on the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on air quality trends across the UK. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142374","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"12572_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India. (2020). Science of the Total Environment, 728, 138878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2020.138878","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2020.138878"},{"issue":"11","key":"12572_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020GL088070","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088070","volume":"47","author":"X Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, X., & Brasseur, G. P. (2020). The response in air quality to the reduction of chinese economic activities during the COVID-19 outbreak. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(11), e2020GL088070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2020GL088070","journal-title":"Geophysical Research Letters"},{"key":"12572_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139542","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2020.139542","volume":"735","author":"P Sicard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sicard, P., De Marco, A., Agathokleous, E., Feng, Z., Xu, X., Paoletti, E., Rodriguez, J. J. D., & Calatayud, V. (2020). Amplified ozone pollution in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown. Science of the Total Environment, 735, 139542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2020.139542","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"12572_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Y., & Zhang. (2016). A wavelet network model for short-term traffic volume forecasting. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 10(3), 141\u2013150.","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450600798551"},{"issue":"6","key":"12572_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2020.04.0139","volume":"20","author":"K Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu, K., Cui, K., Young, L. H., Wang, Y. F., Hsieh, Y. K., Wan, S., & Zhang, J. (2020). Air quality index, indicatory air pollutants and impact of covid-19 event on the air quality near Central China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(6), 1204\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4209\/aaqr.2020.04.0139","journal-title":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research"},{"key":"12572_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140496","volume":"742","author":"S Zangari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zangari, S., Hill, D. T., Charette, A. T., & Mirowsky, J. E. (2020). Air quality changes in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic. Science of the Total Environment, 742, 140496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140496","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"12572_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng, W., Lee, D.-H., & Shi, Q. (2006). Short-Term Freeway Traffic Flow Prediction: Bayesian Combined Neural Network Approach. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/ASCE0733-947X2006132:2114","DOI":"10.1061\/ASCE0733-947X2006132:2114"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-024-12572-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-024-12572-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-024-12572-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T15:16:00Z","timestamp":1716563760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-024-12572-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["12572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-024-12572-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-6369","1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-6369","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on \u201cEthical responsibilities of Authors\u201d as found in the Instructions for Authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"418"}}