{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T10:47:43Z","timestamp":1794048463204,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern accelerated by the misuse and mismanagement of antibiotics in clinical and veterinary settings, leading to longer treatment times, increased costs and greater mortality rates. The environment can play a major role as a source and disseminator of AMR, with faecal pollution, from both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic sources making a significant contribution. The review aimed to identify how faecal pollution contributes to AMR in surface water, focusing on current methods of source tracking faecal pollution. The databases used were Medline Ovid\u00ae and Scopus. From the search, 744 papers from January 2020 to November 2023 were identified, and after the screening, 33 papers were selected that reported on AMR, aquatic environments and faecal pollution and were published in English. The studies were from six different continents, most were from Europe and Asia indicating faecal pollution is influenced by spatiotemporal differences such as population and sanitation infrastructure. Multiple different methodologies were used with a lack of standardised methods making comparability challenging. All studies identified AMR strains of faecal indicator bacteria showing resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics, particularly beta-lactams and tetracyclines. Few studies investigated mobile gene elements with class 1 integrons being the most frequently studied. Wastewater treatment plants were significant contributors, releasing large amounts of AMR bacteria into the environment. Environmental factors such as seasonal differences, temperature, rainfall and UV exposure, along with local antibiotic usage influenced the local resistome. Animals, both wild and domestic, introduced antimicrobial resistance genes and potential pathogens into the aquatic environment. Overall, faecal pollution is a complicated issue with multiple factors contributing to and facilitating the spread of AMR. Standardisation of methods and surveillance, robust wastewater management and further research into AMR dissemination are needed to address the human health, animal health and environmental concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-13860-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T13:27:15Z","timestamp":1743168435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The spread of antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment from faecal pollution: a scoping review of a multifaceted issue"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"197","author":[{"given":"Calum","family":"Cheung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Naughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S. G.","family":"Dooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolae","family":"Corcionivoschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"13860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8081122","volume":"8","author":"J Agramont","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agramont, J., Guti\u00e9rrez-Cortez, S., Joffr\u00e9, E., Sj\u00f6ling, \u00c5., & Toledo, C. C. (2020). Fecal pollution drives antibiotic resistance and class 1 integron abundance in aquatic environments of the Bolivian Andes impacted by mining and wastewater. Microorganisms, 8(8), 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8081122","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"13860_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.005","volume":"116","author":"W Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed, W., Zhang, Q., Lobos, A., Senkbeil, J., Sadowsky, M. J., Harwood, V. J., Saeidi, N., Marinoni, O., & Ishii, S. (2018). Precipitation influences pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance gene abundance in storm drain outfalls in coastal sub-tropical waters. Environment International, 116, 308\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.005","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"13860_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607304","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1607304","volume":"2019","author":"MA Alfhili","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alfhili, M. A., & Lee, M. (2019). Triclosan: An update on biochemical and molecular mechanisms. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019, 1607304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/1607304","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"key":"13860_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Allsing, N., Kelley, S. T., Fox, A. N., & Sant, K. E. (2022). Metagenomic analysis of microbial contamination in the U.S. portion of the Tijuana River Watershed. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 20(1), 12 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20010600","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010600"},{"key":"13860_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109982","volume":"190","author":"X An","year":"2020","unstructured":"An, X., Wang, J., Pu, Q., Li, H., Pan, T., Li, H., Pan, F., & Su, J. (2020). High-throughput diagnosis of human pathogens and fecal contamination in marine recreational water. Environmental Research, 190,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109982","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"13860_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagi, A., & Skogerb\u00f8, G. (2022). Tracking bacterial pollution at a marine wastewater outfall site \u2013 A case study from Norway. Science of the Total Environment, 82910. 1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154257"},{"key":"13860_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.02.042","volume":"155","author":"E Ballest\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ballest\u00e9, E., Pascual-Benito, M., Mart\u00edn-D\u00edaz, J., Blanch, A. R., Lucena, F., Muniesa, M., Jofre, J., & Garc\u00eda-Aljaro, C. (2019). Dynamics of crAssphage as a human source tracking marker in potentially faecally polluted environments. Water Research, 155, 233\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2019.02.042","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"13860_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Camiade, M., Bodilis, J., Chaftar, N., Riah-Anglet, W., Gard\u00e8res, J., Buquet, S., Ribeiro, A. F., & Pawlak, B. (2020). Antibiotic resistance patterns of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from faecal wastes in the environment and contaminated surface water. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 96(2) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa008","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa008"},{"issue":"18","key":"13860_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.02.061","volume":"47","author":"Y Cao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cao, Y., Van De Werfhorst, L. C., Dubinsky, E. A., Badgley, B. D., Sadowsky, M. J., Andersen, G. L., Griffith, J. F., & Holden, P. A. (2013). Evaluation of molecular community analysis methods for discerning fecal sources and human waste. Water Research, 47(18), 6862\u20136872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2013.02.061","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"13860_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Li, Y., Sun, W., Song, L., Zuo, R., & Teng, Y. (2020). Characterization and source identification of antibiotic resistance genes in the sediments of an interconnected river-lake system. Environment International, 13710.1016\/j.envint.2020.105538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105538"},{"key":"13860_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Duan, Y., Yin, L., Chen, Y., Xue, Y., Wang, X., Mao, D., & Luo, Y. (2023). Unravelling the influence of human fecal pollution on antibiotic resistance gene levels in different receiving water bodies using crAssphage indicator gene. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 44210. 1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130005"},{"issue":"6","key":"13860_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60187-X","volume":"22","author":"KH Cho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cho, K. H., Han, D., Park, Y., Lee, S. W., Cha, S. M., Kang, J., & Kim, J. H. (2010). Evaluation of the relationship between two different methods for enumeration fecal indicator bacteria: Colony-forming unit and most probable number. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 22(6), 846\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1001-0742(09)60187-X","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)"},{"key":"13860_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cho, S., Jackson, C. R., & Frye, J. G. (2020). The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp. in surface water. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 71(1), 3\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lam.13301","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13301"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"13860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156085","volume":"838","author":"E Christenson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Christenson, E., Wickersham, L., Jacob, M., & Stewart, J. (2022). A watershed study assessing effects of commercial hog operations on microbial water quality in North Carolina, USA. Science of the Total Environment, 838(Pt 2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156085","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"13860_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Daly, M., Powell, J., O\u2019Connell, N. H., Murphy, L., & Dunne, C. P. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance is prevalent in E. coli and other Enterobacterales isolated from public and private drinking water supplies in the Republic of Ireland. Microorganisms, 11(5), 1224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11051224","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051224"},{"key":"13860_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damashek, J., Westrich, J. R., McDonald, J. M. B., Teachey, M. E., Jackson, C. R., Frye, J. G., Lipp, E. K., Capps, K. A., & Ottesen, E. A. (2022). Non-point source fecal contamination from aging wastewater infrastructure is a primary driver of antibiotic resistance in surface waters. Water Research, 22210. 1016\/j.watres.2022.118853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118853"},{"key":"13860_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Gavidia, C., Barr\u00eda, C., Weller, D. L., Salgado-Caxito, M., Estrada, E. M., Araya, A., Vera, L., Smith, W., Kim, M., Moreno-Switt, A., Olivares-Pacheco, J., & Adell, A. D. (2022). Humans and hoofed livestock are the main sources of fecal contamination of rivers used for crop irrigation: A microbial source tracking approach. Frontiers in Microbiology, 1310. 3389\/fmicb.2022.768527","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.768527"},{"key":"13860_CR18","unstructured":"EUCAST. (2024). European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). EUCAST. Retrieved 10 October 2024, from https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"13860_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-014-0036-6","volume":"2","author":"L Fewtrell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fewtrell, L., & Kay, D. (2015). Recreational water and infection: A review of recent findings. Current Environmental Health Reports, 2(1), 85\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40572-014-0036-6","journal-title":"Current Environmental Health Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"13860_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit355","volume":"57","author":"RL Finley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finley, R. L., Collignon, P., Larsson, D. G. J., McEwen, S. A., Li, X., Gaze, W. H., Reid-Smith, R., Timinouni, M., Graham, D. W., & Topp, E. (2013). The scourge of antibiotic resistance: The important role of the environment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 57(5), 704\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/cit355","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"13860_CR21","unstructured":"Flores, M. E., Jafarzadeh, A., Moghadam, S. V., Vadde, K. K., Dhar, D. A., Nunu, R. R., & Kapoor, V. (2023). Occurrence and removal of fecal bacteria and microbial source tracking markers in a stormwater detention basin overlying the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone in Texas. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 110. 1007\/s11356\u2013023\u201329636-w"},{"key":"13860_CR22","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). Biocides and antimicrobial resistance. Summary Report of an FAO Meeting of Experts. .FAO. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/BU655en\/bu655en.pdf"},{"key":"13860_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garre, A., Piquero, J., Trullas, C., & Martinez, G. (2018). Efficacy and safety of a new topical hair loss-lotion containing oleanolic acid, apigenin, biotinyl tripeptide-1, diaminopyrimidine oxide, adenosine, biotin and ginkgo biloba in patients with androgenetic alopecia and telogen effluvium: A six-month open-label prospective clinical study. Journal of Cosmetology & Trichology, 4(1) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2471-9323.1000132","DOI":"10.4172\/2471-9323.1000132"},{"key":"13860_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116507","volume":"188","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Symonds, E. M., Gallard-Gongora, J. F., Mull, B., Lukasik, J. O., Rivera Navarro, P., Badilla Aguilar, A., Peraud, J., Brown, M. L., Mora Alvarado, D., Breitbart, M., Cairns, M. R., & Harwood, V. J. (2021). Relationships among microbial indicators of fecal pollution, microbial source tracking markers, and pathogens in Costa Rican coastal waters. Water Research, 188,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116507","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"13860_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.04.011","volume":"42","author":"AD Gronewold","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gronewold, A. D., & Wolpert, R. L. (2008). Modelling the relationship between most probable number (MPN) and colony-forming unit (CFU) estimates of fecal coliform concentration. Water Research, 42(13), 3327\u20133334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2008.04.011","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"13860_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121869","volume":"331","author":"C Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, C., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Duan, X., Yang, T., Li, F., Zou, M., & Liu, B. (2023). High prevalence and genomic characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from large-scale rivers in China. Environmental Pollution, 331(Pt 2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121869","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"9","key":"13860_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4604","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094604","volume":"18","author":"SM Hartinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hartinger, S. M., Medina-Pizzali, M. L., Salmon-Mulanovich, G., Larson, A. J., Pinedo-Bardales, M., Verastegui, H., Riberos, M., & Mausezahl, D. (2021). Antimicrobial resistance in humans, animals, water and household environs in rural Andean Peru: Exploring dissemination pathways through the One Health lens. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 18(9), 4604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094604","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health"},{"key":"13860_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155353","volume":"834","author":"CP Henriot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henriot, C. P., Martak, D., Genet, S., Bornette, G., & Hocquet, D. (2022). Origin, fluxes, and reservoirs of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in aquatic ecosystems of a French floodplain. Science of the Total Environment, 834,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155353","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"13860_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Herrig, I., Fleischmann, S., Regnery, J., Wesp, J., Reifferscheid, G., & Manz, W. (2020). Prevalence and seasonal dynamics of blaCTX-M antibiotic resistance genes and fecal indicator organisms in the lower Lahn River, Germany. PLoS ONE, 15(4)https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0232289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232289"},{"key":"13860_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116211","volume":"184","author":"J Hinojosa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hinojosa, J., Green, J., Estrada, F., Herrera, J., Mata, T., Phan, D., Pasha, A. B. M. T., Matta, A., Johnson, D., & Kapoor, V. (2020). Determining the primary sources of fecal pollution using microbial source tracking assays combined with land-use information in the Edwards Aquifer. Water Research, 184,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116211","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"13860_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiruy, A. M., Mohammed, J., Haileselassie, M. M., Acharya, K., Butte, G., Haile, A. T., Walsh, C., & Werner, D. (2022). Spatiotemporal variation in urban wastewater pollution impacts on river microbiomes and associated hazards in the Akaki catchment, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 82610.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153912"},{"key":"13860_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, J. Y., Jong, M. -., Acharya, K., Liew, S. S. X., Smith, D. R., Noor, Z. Z., Goodson, M. L., Werner, D., Graham, D. W., & Eswaran, J. (2021). Multidrug-resistant bacteria and microbial communities in a river estuary with fragmented suburban waste management. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 40510. 1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124687"},{"key":"13860_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, L., Wang, H., Chen, Q., Su, J. -., Gad, M., Li, J., Mulla, S. I., Yu, C. -., & Hu, A. (2021). Fecal pollution mediates the dominance of stochastic assembly of antibiotic resistome in an urban lagoon (Yundang lagoon), China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 41710. 1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126083"},{"key":"13860_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.074","volume":"130","author":"PMC Huijbers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huijbers, P. M. C., Flach, C., & Larsson, D. G. J. (2019). A conceptual framework for the environmental surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Environment International, 130,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.074","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"issue":"1","key":"13860_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07992-3","volume":"10","author":"A Karkman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karkman, A., P\u00e4rn\u00e4nen, K., & Larsson, D. G. J. (2019). Fecal pollution can explain antibiotic resistance gene abundances in anthropogenically impacted environments. Nature Communications, 10(1), 80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-07992-3","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"13860_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kimera, Z. I., Mgaya, F. X., Mshana, S. E., Karimuribo, E. D., & Matee, M. I. N. (2021). Occurrence of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producers, quinolone and carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from environmental samples along Msimbazi River basin ecosystem in Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 18(16), 08 04. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168264","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168264"},{"issue":"21","key":"13860_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14913","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c00370","volume":"56","author":"D Kneis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kneis, D., Berendonk, T. U., Forslund, S. K., & Hess, S. (2022). Antibiotic resistance genes in river biofilms: A metagenomic approach toward the identification of sources and candidate hosts. Environmental Science and Technology, 56(21), 14913\u201314922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.2c00370","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"13860_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a027029","volume":"6","author":"KM Krause","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krause, K. M., Serio, A. W., Kane, T. R., & Connolly, L. E. (2016). Aminoglycosides: An overview. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 6(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a027029","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"key":"13860_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.041","volume":"117","author":"DGJ Larsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Larsson, D. G. J., Andremont, A., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Brandt, K. K., de Roda Husman, A. M., Fagerstedt, P., Fick, J., Flach, C., Gaze, W. H., Kuroda, M., Kvint, K., Laxminarayan, R., Manaia, C. M., Nielsen, K. M., Plant, L., Ploy, M., Segovia, C., Simonet, P., Smalla, K., \u2026 Wernersson, A. (2018). Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance. Environment International, 117, 132\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.041","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"issue":"6","key":"13860_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00170-23","volume":"89","author":"I Leao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leao, I., Khalifa, L., Gallois, N., Vaz-Moreira, I., Klumper, U., Youdkes, D., Palmony, S., Dagai, L., Berendonk, T. U., Merlin, C., Manaia, C. M., & Cytryn, E. (2023). Microbiome and resistome profiles along a sewage-effluent-reservoir trajectory underline the role of natural attenuation in wastewater stabilization reservoirs. Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 89(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00170-23","journal-title":"Applied & Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"13860_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, K., Kim, D. -., Lee, D. -., Kim, Y. -., Bu, J. -., Cha, J. -., Thawng, C. N., Hwang, E. -., Seong, H. J., Sul, W. J., Wellington, E. M. H., Quince, C., & Cha, C. -. (2020). Mobile resistome of human gut and pathogen drives anthropogenic bloom of antibiotic resistance. Microbiome, 8(1) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-019-0774-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0774-7"},{"key":"13860_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Suits, M., Wituszynski, D., Winston, R., Martin, J., & Lee, J. (2020). Residential urban stormwater runoff: A comprehensive profile of microbiome and antibiotic resistance. Science of the Total Environment, 72310. 1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138033"},{"key":"13860_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118534","volume":"344","author":"Q Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Q., Zou, H., Wang, D., Zhao, L., Meng, M., Wang, Z., Wu, T., Wang, S., & Li, X. (2023). Tracking spatio-temporal distribution and transmission of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments by using ESBL-producing Escherichia coli as an indicator. Journal of Environmental Management, 344,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118534","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"13860_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117801","volume":"243","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, R., Hou, J., Sun, X., Wang, Y., Li, L., Yang, F., Yao, Y., & An, Y. (2024). Mobile genetic elements affect the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of clinical importance in the environment. Environmental Research, 243,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117801","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"13860_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, H., de Haan, W. P., Cerd\u00e0-Dom\u00e8nech, M., M\u00e9ndez, J., Lucena, F., Garc\u00eda-Aljaro, C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., & Ballest\u00e9, E. (2023). Detection of faecal bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in biofilms attached to plastics from human-impacted coastal areas. Environmental Pollution, 31910. 1016\/j.envpol.2022.120983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120983"},{"key":"13860_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117439","volume":"333","author":"D Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, D., Chen, H., Feng, Q., Zhang, X., Wu, D., Feng, J., Cheng, S., Wang, D., Liu, Z., Zhong, Q., Wei, J., & Liu, G. (2023). Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes through fecal sewage treatment facilities to the ecosystem in rural area. Journal of Environmental Management, 333,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117439","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"issue":"9","key":"13860_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.04.011","volume":"48","author":"J Maillard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maillard, J., Bloomfield, S. F., Courvalin, P., Essack, S. Y., Gandra, S., Gerba, C. P., Rubino, J. R., & Scott, E. A. (2020). Reducing antibiotic prescribing and addressing the global problem of antibiotic resistance by targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings: A position paper. American Journal of Infection Control, 48(9), 1090\u20131099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.04.011","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"13860_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2020.106050","volume":"177","author":"PP Mathai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mathai, P. P., Staley, C., & Sadowsky, M. J. (2020). Sequence-enabled community-based microbial source tracking in surface waters using machine learning classification: A review. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 177,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mimet.2020.106050","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiological Methods"},{"key":"13860_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretto, V. T., Bartley, P. S., Ferreira, V. M., Santos, C. S., Silva, L. K., Ponce-Terashima, R., Blanton, R. E., Reis, M. G., & Barbosa, L. M. (2022). Microbial source tracking and antimicrobial resistance in one river system of a rural community in Bahia, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 8210.1590\/1519\u20136984.231838","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.231838"},{"issue":"11","key":"13860_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00319","volume":"6","author":"RW Mull","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mull, R. W., Brennan, A. A., Russ, B. R., & Tal-Gan, Y. (2020). Attenuating the selection of vancomycin resistance among enterococci through the development of peptide-based vancomycin antagonists. ACS Infectious Diseases, 6(11), 2913\u20132925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00319","journal-title":"ACS Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"13860_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13421","volume":"72","author":"NT Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen, N. T., Liu, M., Katayama, H., Takemura, T., & Kasuga, I. (2021). Association of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 with faecal pollution in water environments in Hanoi. Vietnam. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 72(3), 275\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/lam.13421","journal-title":"Vietnam. Letters in Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"19","key":"13860_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197137","volume":"17","author":"S Niestepski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Niestepski, S., Harnisz, M., Korzeniewska, E., & Osi\u0144ska, A. (2020). Markers specific to Bacteroides fragilis group bacteria as indicators of anthropogenic pollution of surface waters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17197137","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"13860_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan, T. M., Reynolds, L. J., Sala-Comorera, L., Martin, N. A., Stephens, J. H., O\u2019Hare, G. M. P., O\u2019Sullivan, J. J., & Meijer, W. G. (2023a). Land use as a critical determinant of faecal and antimicrobial resistance gene pollution in riverine systems. Science of the Total Environment, 87110. 1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162052"},{"key":"13860_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan, T. M., Sala-Comorera, L., Reynolds, L. J., Martin, N. A., Stephens, J. H., O\u2019Hare, G. M. P., O\u2019Sullivan, J. J., & Meijer, W. G. (2023b). Bacteriophages from faecal contamination are an important reservoir for AMR in aquatic environments. Science of the Total Environment, 90010. 1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165490"},{"issue":"3","key":"13860_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2019.10.004","volume":"52","author":"L Pardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pardo, L., Machado, V., Cuello, D., Aguerrebere, P., Seija, V., Braga, V., & Varela, G. (2020). Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance phenotypes and their associated genotypes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a tertiary level public hospital of Uruguay. Revista Argentina De Microbiolog\u00eda, 52(3), 202\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ram.2019.10.004","journal-title":"Revista Argentina De Microbiolog\u00eda"},{"key":"13860_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prekrasna, I., Pavlovska, M., Dzhulai, A., Dykyi, E., Alygizakis, N., & Slobodnik, J. (2022). Antibiotic resistance in Black Sea microbial communities. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 1010. 3389\/fenvs.2022.823172","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.823172"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"13860_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156025","volume":"838","author":"R Ragot","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ragot, R., & Villemur, R. (2022). Influence of temperature and water quality on the persistence of human mitochondrial DNA, human Hf183 Bacteroidales, fecal coliforms and enterococci in surface water in human fecal source tracking context. The Science of the Total Environment, 838(Pt 1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156025","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"13860_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, L. J., Sala-Comorera, L., Martin, N. A., Nolan, T. M., Stephens, J. H., Gitto, A., O\u2019Hare, G. M. P., O\u2019Sullivan, J. J., & Meijer, W. G. (2020). Correlation between antimicrobial resistance and faecal contamination in small urban streams and bathing waters. Science of the Total Environment, 73910. 1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140242"},{"key":"13860_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sala-Comorera, L., Nolan, T. M., Reynolds, L. J., Venkatesh, A., Cheung, L., Martin, N. A., Stephens, J. H., Gitto, A., O\u2019Hare, G. M. P., O\u2019Sullivan, J. J., & Meijer, W. G. (2021). Bacterial and bacteriophage antibiotic resistance in marine bathing waters in relation to rivers and urban streams. Frontiers in Microbiology, 1210. 3389\/fmicb.2021.718234","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.718234"},{"key":"13860_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanderson, H., Ortega-Polo, R., Zaheer, R., Goji, N., Amoako, K. K., Brown, R. S., Majury, A., Liss, S. N., & McAllister, T. A. (2020). Comparative genomics of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. isolated from wastewater treatment plants. BMC Microbiology, 20(1) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-019-1683-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1683-4"},{"key":"13860_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sidhu, A. S., Mikolajczyk, F. N., & Fisher, J. C. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance linked to septic system contamination in the Indiana Lake Michigan watershed. Antibiotics, 12(3) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12030569","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030569"},{"issue":"10","key":"13860_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1021\/ez500266s","volume":"1","author":"E Stachler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stachler, E., & Bibby, K. (2014). Metagenomic evaluation of the highly abundant human gut bacteriophage CrAssphage for source tracking of human fecal pollution. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 1(10), 405\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ez500266s","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters"},{"issue":"11","key":"13860_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa125","volume":"9","author":"CN Thornton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thornton, C. N., Tanner, W. D., Vanderslice, J. A., & Brazelton, W. J. (2020). Localized effect of treated wastewater effluent on the resistome of an urban watershed. GigaScience, 9(11), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa125","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"13860_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tiwari, A., Kurittu, P., Al-Mustapha, A. I., Heljanko, V., Johansson, V., Thakali, O., Mishra, S. K., Lehto, K., Lipponen, A., Oikarinen, S., Pitk\u00e4nen, T., & Heikinheimo, A. (2022). Wastewater surveillance of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens: A systematic review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.977106","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.977106"},{"key":"13860_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.710346","volume":"12","author":"M Toubiana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Toubiana, M., Salles, C., Tournoud, M., & -., Licznar-Fajardo, P., Zorgniotti, I., Tr\u00e9m\u00e9lo, M. -., Jumas-Bilak, E., Robert, S., & Monfort, P. (2021). Monitoring urban beach quality on a summer day: Determination of the origin of fecal indicator bacteria and antimicrobial resistance at Proph\u00e8te Beach, Marseille (France). Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.710346","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"13860_CR66","unstructured":"European Union. (2006). Directive 2006\/7\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76\/160\/EEC. Retrieved 28 Dec. 2023, from https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TNT\/?uri=CELEX%3A02006L0007-20140101"},{"key":"13860_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00699","volume":"10","author":"KK Vadde","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vadde, K. K., McCarthy, A. J., Rong, R., & Sekar, R. (2019). Quantification of microbial source tracking and pathogenic bacterial markers in water and sediments of Tiaoxi River (Taihu watershed). Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00699","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"13","key":"13860_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7934","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137934","volume":"19","author":"E Val\u00e9rio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Val\u00e9rio, E., Santos, M. L., Teixeira, P., Matias, R., Mendon\u00e7a, J., Ahmed, W., & Brand\u00e3o, J. (2022). Microbial source tracking as a method of determination of beach sand contamination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19137934","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"13860_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000493200","volume":"5","author":"C Vincenzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vincenzi, C., Marisaldi, B., Tosti, A., & Patel, B. (2019). Effects of a new topical treatment containing several hair growth promoters in women with early female pattern hair loss. Skin Appendage Disorders, 5(3), 146\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000493200","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disorders"},{"key":"13860_CR70","unstructured":"WHO. (2015). Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. World Health Organization. Retrieved 29 Sep. 2023, from https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/193736\/9789241509763_eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"13860_CR71","unstructured":"WHO. (2019). New report calls for urgent action to avert antimicrobial resistance crisis. Retrieved 18 November 2023, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/29-04-2019-new-report-calls-for-urgent-action-to-avert-antimicrobial-resistance-crisis"},{"key":"13860_CR72","unstructured":"WHO. (2023). One Health. World Health Organization. Retrieved 31 October 2023, from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/one-health"},{"key":"13860_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, N. L. R., Siboni, N., Potts, J., Campey, M., Johnson, C., Rao, S., Bramucci, A., Scanes, P., & Seymour, J. R. (2022). Molecular microbiological approaches reduce ambiguity about the sources of faecal pollution and identify microbial hazards within an urbanised coastal environment. Water Research, 21810. 1016\/j.watres.2022.118534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118534"},{"key":"13860_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.11537-5","volume":"1","author":"Z Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie, Z. (2021). The methods and tools for mobile genetic element detection and their application to systems medicine. Systems Medicine, 1, 203\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.11537-5","journal-title":"Systems Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"13860_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2175\/106143002X139839","volume":"74","author":"GP Yakub","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yakub, G. P., Castric, D. A., Stadterman-Knauer, K. L., Tobin, M. J., Blazina, M., Heineman, T. N., Yee, G. Y., & Frazier, L. (2002). Evaluation of Colilert and Enterolert defined substrate methodology for wastewater applications. Water Environment Research, 74(2), 131\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2175\/106143002X139839","journal-title":"Water Environment Research"},{"key":"13860_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Li, K., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, R., Zhong, Y., Xiao, S., Mao, H., Li, G., Wang, Y., & Li, W. (2022). Distribution and correlation between antibiotic resistance genes and host-associated markers before and after swine fever in the Longjiang watershed. Environmental Pollution, 31310. 1016\/j.envpol.2022.120101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120101"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13860-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13860-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13860-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T03:28:14Z","timestamp":1744255694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13860-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["13860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13860-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"467"}}