{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:42:09Z","timestamp":1777290129629,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The United States and other countries have degraded lands because of legacy wastes from the Second World War, Cold War, and industrialization. There is a need to return lands to productive uses that necessitates assessing and monitoring ecological resources. Federal governments and the public are interested in assurances that federal landowners are protective of environmental and ecological health. This paper uses the U.S. National Land Cover Database to (1) compare land cover on two Department of Energy (DOE) facilities with the surrounding region (10-km and 30-km bands), (2) determine if each has preserved more of the climax vegetation on each site, and (3) discuss how the method allows managers, regulators, and the public to assess if ecological resources on contaminated lands are protected. The analysis method employed provides a monitoring tool that can be used following restoration or management. About 70% of Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) is forested, compared to 45% of the 10-km buffer (52% of 30-km buffer). Savannah River Site (SRS) protected 58% of its forest compared to 27% of its buffers. Both DOE sites have the opportunity to preserve the largest tracts of unbroken forest during remediation, especially those that include wetlands surrounded by forest. The highest percentage of land cover on both sites is the local natural forest. Visually, ORR has more development in the surrounding region than does SRS. This method can be applied to degraded sites across the U.S. and elsewhere and provides a visual tool for managers, regulators, and the public to quickly access information on vegetation types, the importance of ecological resources, and vulnerability of these resources within the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-13993-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T19:47:51Z","timestamp":1745956071000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An approach for assessing risk, planning, and decision-making in protecting ecological resources on contaminated sites compared to local regions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8877-2966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Burger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9813-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gochfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4488-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin G.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Kosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"13993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-9255(01)00090-7","volume":"21","author":"P Antunes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Antunes, P., Santos, R., & Jord\u00e3o, L. (2001). The application of Geographical Information Systems to determine environmental impact significance. Environmental Impact and Assessment Review, 21, 511\u2013535.","journal-title":"Environmental Impact and Assessment Review"},{"key":"13993_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2016.10.013","volume":"20","author":"A Akpinar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akpinar, A., Barbosa-Leiker, C., & Brooks, K. R. (2016). Does green space matter? Exploring relationships between green space type and health indicators\u201d. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 20, 407\u2013418.","journal-title":"Urban Forestry and Urban Greening"},{"key":"13993_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-021-02669-3","volume":"24","author":"C Applestein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Applestein, C., & Germino, M. (2022). Patterns of post-fire invasion of semiarid shrub-steppe reveal a diversity of invasion niches within an exotic annual grass community. Biological Invasives, 24, 741\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10530-021-02669-3","journal-title":"Biological Invasives"},{"key":"13993_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s42408-021-00091-7","volume":"17","author":"C Applestein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Applestein, C., & Germino, N. J. (2021). Detecting shrub recovery in sagebrush steppe: Comparing landsat-derived maps with field data on historical wildfires\u201d. Fire Ecology, 17, 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42408-021-00091-7","journal-title":"Fire Ecology"},{"key":"13993_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohnee, G., Matthews, J., Pinkham, P.. Smith, A. & Stanfill, J. (2011). Nez Perce involvement with solving environmental problems: History, perspectives, treaty rights, and obligations. In Stakeholders and scientists: Achieving implementable solutions to energy and environmental issues, ed. J. Burger, Springer, New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8813-3_7"},{"issue":"1","key":"13993_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113221","volume":"255","author":"AB Braun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braun, A. B., da Silva Trentin, A. W., Visentin, C., & Thome, A. (2019). Sustainable remediation through the risk management perspective and stakeholder involvement: A systematic and bibliometric view of the literature. Environmental Pollution, 255(1), 113221.","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"5389","key":"13993_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.616","volume":"282","author":"KS Brown","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brown, K. S. (1998). The great DOE land rush. Science, 282(5389), 616\u2013617.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"13993_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.02.003","volume":"37","author":"PH Brunner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brunner, P. H., & Rechberger, H. (2015). Waste to energy \u2013 Key elements for sustainable waste management. Waste Management, 37, 3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.02.003","journal-title":"Waste Management"},{"key":"13993_CR9","unstructured":"Bullard, R.D. (1990). Dumping in Dixie: Race, class and environmental quality. Westview: Boulder, CO."},{"key":"13993_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/15555270600701540","volume":"1","author":"J Burger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burger, J. (2006). Bioindicators: A review of their use in environmental literature 1970\u20132005. Environmental Bioindicators, 1, 136\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15555270600701540","journal-title":"Environmental Bioindicators"},{"key":"13993_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.06.041","volume":"400","author":"J Burger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burger, J. (2008). Environmental management: Integrating ecological evaluations, remediation, restoration, natural resource damage assessment, and long-term stewardship on contaminated lands. Science of the Total Environment, 400, 6\u201319.","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"13993_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.02.036","volume":"172","author":"J Burger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burger, J. (2019). A framework for increasing sustainability and reducing risk to ecological resources through integration of remediation planning and implementation\u201d. Environmental Research, 172, 586\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2019.02.036","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"13993_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.14020","volume":"42","author":"J Burger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burger, J. (2022a). Trust and consequences: Role of community science, perceptions, values, and environmental justice in risk communication\u201d. Risk Analysis, 42(11), 2362\u20132375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.14020","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"issue":"11","key":"13993_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13940","volume":"42","author":"J Burger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burger, J. (2022). Ecological information and approaches needed for risk communication dialogs for acute and chronic environmental crises. Risk Analysis, 42(11), 2408\u20132420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/risa.13940","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"13993_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.232","volume":"649","author":"J Burger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Kosson, D. S., Brown, K. G., Bliss, L. A., Bunn, A., Clarke, J. H., Mayer, H., & Salisbury, J. A. (2019). The costs of delaying remediation on human, ecological, and eco-cultural resources: Considerations for the Department of Energy. Science of the Total Environment, 649, 1054\u20131064.","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"13993_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2022.2077412","author":"J Burger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burger, J., & Gochfeld, M. (2022). Consistency and local adaptation in use of ecological and eco-cultural indicators: Assessing risk from contamination. Journal of Risk Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13669877.2022.2077412","journal-title":"Journal of Risk Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"13993_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09535-8","volume":"194","author":"J Burger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Kosson, D. S., Brown, K. G., Salisbury, J., Greenberg, M., & Jeitner, C. (2022a). Combining ecological, eco-cultural, and environmental justice parameters to create eco-EJ Indicators to monitor cultural and environmental justices for diverse communities around contaminated sites. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(3), 177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-021-09535-8","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"13993_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burger, M., Greenberg, M. & Lowrie, K. (Eds). (2022b). Risk communication during crises and chronic exposures. Risk Analysis 11, 2345\u20132606. https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/toc\/15396924\/2022\/42\/11","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.14065"},{"key":"13993_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Giffen, N., Brown, K. G., Cortes, M., Ng, K., & Kosson, D. S. (2023). Comparing land cover and interior forest on contaminated land and the surrounding region: Oak Ridge Reservation as a case study. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 10\/1080\/15287394.2023.2223231.","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2023.2223231"},{"key":"13993_CR20","volume-title":"Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems","author":"J Cairns Jr","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cairns, J., Jr. (1994). Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. CRC Press."},{"issue":"Pt. 1","key":"13993_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.07.035","volume":"184","author":"V Cappuyns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cappuyns, V. (2016). Inclusion of social indicators in decision support tools for the selection of sustainable site remediation options\u201d. Journal of Environmental Management, 184(Pt. 1), 45\u201365.","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"13993_CR22","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control (CDC). (2022). One Health. Onehealth.cdc.gov\/onehealth\/index.html."},{"issue":"1","key":"13993_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2011.11.011","volume":"74","author":"KMA Chan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chan, K. M. A., Satterfield, T., & Goldstein, J. (2012). Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values\u201d. Ecological Economics, 74(1), 8\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2011.11.011","journal-title":"Ecological Economics"},{"issue":"11","key":"13993_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111072","volume":"13","author":"J Chakraborty","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chakraborty, J., Collins, T. W., & Grineski, S. E. (2016). Environmental justice research: Contemporary issues and emerging topics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), 1072.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"13993_CR25","unstructured":"Chatzis, I. (2016). Decommissioning and environmental remediation. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). https:\/\/www.iaea.org>biles 5710405- overview."},{"issue":"11","key":"13993_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7656","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-012-1269-2","volume":"20","author":"CG Chiochetta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chiochetta, C. G., Radetski, M. R., Correa, A. X. R., Tischer, V., Tiepo, E. N., & Radetski, C. M. (2013). Abandoned coal mining sites: Using ecotoxicological tests to support an industrial organic sludge amendment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(11), 7656\u20137665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-012-1269-2","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"13993_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"28","author":"R Costanza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Braat, L., Kubiszewski, I., Fioramonti, L., Sutton, P., Farber, S., & Grasso, M. (2017). Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecological Services, 28, 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Ecological Services"},{"key":"13993_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley, K. D., & Ahearne, J. F. (2002). Managing the environmental legacy of U.S. nuclear-weapons production.\u201d American Scientist, 90 (6), 514\u2013523.","DOI":"10.1511\/2002.39.514"},{"key":"13993_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.09.038","volume":"183","author":"C Cvitanovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cvitanovic, C., McDonald, J., & Hobday, A. J. (2016). From science to action: Principles for undertaking environmental research that enables knowledge exchange and evidence-based decision making\u201d. Journal of Environmental Management, 183, 864\u2013874.","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"13993_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2013.09.002","volume":"95","author":"MD Davidson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davidson, M. D. (2013). On the relation between ecosystem services, intrinsic value, existence value and economic valuation. Ecological Economics, 95, 171\u2013177.","journal-title":"Ecological Economics"},{"key":"13993_CR31","unstructured":"Department of Energy (DOE). (1980). Oak Ridge Reservation land-use plan. Oak Ridge Reservation, TN. Osti.gov\/servlets\/pun\/5239233. Technical Information Center, Washington, D.C."},{"key":"13993_CR32","unstructured":"Department of Energy (DOE). (1994a). Stewards of national resources. (DOE\/FM-0002), Office of Energy Research, Washington DC: Department of Energy."},{"key":"13993_CR33","unstructured":"Department of Energy (DOE). (1994b). National environmental research parks. Office of Energy Research. Washington DC: Department of Energy."},{"key":"13993_CR34","unstructured":"Department of Energy (DOE). (1999). From cleanup to stewardship: A companion report to accelerating cleanup: Paths to closure. (DOE\/EM-0466), Office of Environmental Management, Department of Energy."},{"key":"13993_CR35","unstructured":"Department of Energy (DOE). (2017). 2017 year in review: Outline of EM\u2019s cleanup achievements. https:\/\/energy.gov\/em\/downloads\/department-energy-office-environmental-management-2017-year-review."},{"key":"13993_CR36","unstructured":"Department of Energy (DOE). (2020). What is environmental justice? Washington, D.C. http:\/\/energy.gov\/lm\/services\/environmental-justice\/what-environmental-justice."},{"key":"13993_CR37","unstructured":"Department of Energy (DOE). (2022a). EM strategic vision: 2022\u20132032. U.S. Department of Energy. https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/em\/articl\/em-strategic-vision."},{"key":"13993_CR38","unstructured":"Department of Energy (DOE). (2022b). Oak Ridge environmental report 2021. DOE-SC-OSO\/RM-2022\u201301. Oak Ridge, TN."},{"key":"13993_CR39","unstructured":"Department of Energy (DOE). (2022c). Savannah River site environmental report 2021. SRNS-RP-2022\u201300001). Savannah River Site, SC."},{"key":"13993_CR40","unstructured":"Energy Communities Alliance (ECA). (2020). Profile: Oak Ridge reservation. http:\/\/www.energyca.org\/site-profiles\/oak=ridge-reservation."},{"key":"13993_CR41","volume-title":"Cleaning us the nation\u2019s waste sites: Markets and technology trends","author":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","year":"2004","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2004). Cleaning us the nation\u2019s waste sites: Markets and technology trends (2004th ed.). USEPA.","edition":"2004"},{"key":"13993_CR42","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2009). Environmental justice: Compliance and environment. http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/environmentaljustice."},{"key":"13993_CR43","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2019). Environmental Justice and National Environmental Policy Act. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/environmentaljustice\/environmental-justice-and-national-environmental-policy-act."},{"key":"13993_CR44","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2024a). Ecoregions of North America. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/eco-research\/ecoregions-north-america."},{"key":"13993_CR45","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2024b). EJSCREEN: Environmental justice screening and mapping tool. Found at epa.gov\/ejscreen."},{"key":"13993_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.12.003","volume":"141","author":"K Exley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Exley, K., Cano, N., Aerts, D., Biot, P., Casteleyn, L., Kolossa-Gehring, M., Schwedler, G., et al. (2015). Communication in a human biomonitoring study: Focus group work, public engagement and lessons learnt in 17 European countries. Environmental Research, 141, 31\u201341.","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"13993_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2007.00287.x","volume":"16","author":"J Fischer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fischer, J., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2007). Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: A synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 16, 265\u2013280.","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Biogeography"},{"key":"13993_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forman, R.T.T. (1995). Land mosaics: The ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781107050327"},{"key":"13993_CR49","unstructured":"Forman, R. T. T. (Ed.). (1996). Pine barrens: Ecosystem and landscape. Rutgers University Press."},{"issue":"51","key":"13993_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14502","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618138113","volume":"113","author":"AP Galvani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galvani, A. P., Bauch, C. T., Anard, M., Singer, B. H., & Levin, S. A. (2016). Human\u2013environment interactions in population and ecosystem health. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(51), 14502\u201314506.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"13993_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2017.02.011","volume":"171","author":"V Gil-Cerezo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gil-Cerezo, V., Doninguez-Vilches, E., & Gonzalez-Barrios, A. J. (2017). Current significant challenges in the decommissioning and environmental remediation of radioactive facilities: A perspective from outside the nuclear industry. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 171, 200\u20132011.","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity"},{"key":"13993_CR52","unstructured":"Gochfeld, M., Burger, J., Powers, C. W. & Kosson, D. (2015). Land use planning scenarios for contaminated land: Comparing EPA, State, Federal, and Tribal approaches. Waste Management Symposium, March 15 - 19, 2015. Phoenix, AZ."},{"issue":"3","key":"13993_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-017-0495-z","volume":"7","author":"MS Goodman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodman, M. S., & Thompson, V. L. (2017). The science of stakeholder engagement in research: Classification, implementation and evaluation. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 7(3), 486\u2013491.","journal-title":"Translational Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"13993_CR54","first-page":"91","volume":"2","author":"SG Harris","year":"2000","unstructured":"Harris, S. G., & Harper, B. L. (2000). Using eco-cultural dependency webs in risk assessment and characterizations of risks to tribal health and cultures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2, 91\u2013100.","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"13993_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homer, C., Dewitz, J., Jin, S., Xian, G., Costello, C., Danielson, P., Grass, L., Funk, J., Wickham, J., Stehman, S., Auch, R. & Ritters, K. (2020). Conterminous United States land cover change patterns 2001 \u2013 2016 from the 2016 National Land Cover Database. ISPRS J. Photo and Remote Sensing, 162, 184\u2013199. 1-.1\u201316j.irprsjprs.2020\/02.019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.02.019"},{"issue":"1","key":"13993_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2014.02.003","volume":"39","author":"D Hou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hou, D., & Tabbaa, A. (2014). Sustainability: A new imperative in contaminated land remediation. Environmental Science and Policy, 39(1), 25\u201334.","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Policy"},{"key":"13993_CR57","first-page":"74","volume":"3","author":"D Hou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hou, D., Al-tabbaa, A., Guthrie, P., Hellings, J., & Gu, Q. (2014). Using a hybrid LCA method to evaluate the sustainability of sediment remediation at the London Olympic Park. Journal of Clean Production, 83, 87\u201395.Jang, Y-W., & Koo, B-H. (2019). A study on the eco-cultural assessment indicators for Buddhist temple forest. Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture, 3, 74\u201388.","journal-title":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture"},{"key":"13993_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kingsley, M. (2019). Commentary - Climate change, health and green space co-benefits. Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Canada 2019, 39(4), 131\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24095\/hpcdp.39.4.04.","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.39.4.04"},{"key":"13993_CR59","first-page":"426","volume":"96","author":"RL Kroodsma","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kroodsma, R. L. (1984). Effect of edge on breeding forest bird species. Wilson Bulletin, 96, 426\u2013436.","journal-title":"Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"13993_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2008.06.001","volume":"9","author":"EG Lamb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lamb, E. G., Bayne, E., Holloway, G., Schieck, J., Boutin, S., Herbers, J., & Haughland, D. L. (2009). Indices for monitoring biodiversity change: Are some more effective than others? Ecological Indicators, 9, 432\u2013444.","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"key":"13993_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.08.025","volume":"92","author":"DL Larson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Larson, D. L., Phillips, M., Quiram, G., Sharpe, L., Stark, R., Sugita, S., & Weiler, A. (2011). A framework for sustainable invasive species management: Environmental, social, and economic objectives. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.08.025","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"13993_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.02.007","volume":"36","author":"AE Latawiec","year":"2010","unstructured":"Latawiec, A. E., Simmons, P., & Reid, B. J. (2010). Decision-makers\u2019 perspectives on the use of bioaccessibility for risk-based regulation of contaminated land. Environmental International, 36, 383\u2013389.","journal-title":"Environmental International"},{"issue":"6","key":"13993_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/3899630","volume":"37","author":"DO Meeker Jr","year":"1984","unstructured":"Meeker, D. O., Jr., & Merkel, D. L. (1984). Climax theories and a recommendation for vegetation classification \u2013 A viewpoint. Journal of Range Management, 37(6), 427\u2013420.","journal-title":"Journal of Range Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"13993_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.04.014","volume":"119","author":"D McCauley","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCauley, D., & Heffron, R. (2018). Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice\u201d. Energy Policy, 119(1), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.04.014","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"13993_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2005.08.001","volume":"6","author":"R Muller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Muller, R., & Lenz, R. (2006). Ecological indicators: Theoretical fundamentals of consistent applications in environmental management. Ecological Indicators, 6, 1\u20135.","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"key":"13993_CR66","unstructured":"National Land Cover Database. (2016). National land cover database. https:\/\/www.mrlc.gov\/data\/legends\/national-land-cover-database-2016-nlcd2016-legend."},{"key":"13993_CR67","unstructured":"National Land Cover Database. (2019). National land cover database. https:\/\/www.mrlc.gov\/data\/legends\/national-land-cover-database-2019-nlcd2019-legend."},{"key":"13993_CR68","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC). (2000). Ecological indicators for the nation. National Academy Press, Washington D.C."},{"key":"13993_CR69","volume-title":"Independent assessment of science and technology for the Department of Energy\u2019s defense environmental cleanup program","author":"National Research Council (NRC)","year":"2019","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC). (2019). Independent assessment of science and technology for the Department of Energy\u2019s defense environmental cleanup program. National Academy Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"13993_CR70","unstructured":"Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). (2023). Strategic considerations for sustainable remediation. http:\/\/www.eocd.nea.org.docs\/application\/pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"13993_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00257-2","volume":"310","author":"TW Parr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Parr, T. W., Sier, A. R. J., Battarbee, R. W., Mackay, A., & Burgess, J. (2003). Detecting environmental change: Science and society \u2013 Perspectives on long-term research and monitoring in the 21st century\u201d. The Science of the Total Environment, 310(1), 1\u20138.","journal-title":"The Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"13993_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2010.03.014","volume":"10","author":"L Parrott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parrott, L. (2010). Measuring ecological complexity. Ecological Indicators., 10, 1069\u20131075.","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators."},{"key":"13993_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.05.010","volume":"37","author":"L Pizzol","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pizzol, L., Critto, A., Agonstin, P., & Marcomini, A. (2011). Regional risk assessment for contaminated sites Part 2: Ranking of potentially contaminated sites. Environmental International, 37, 1307\u20131320.","journal-title":"Environmental International"},{"key":"13993_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-015-0520-2","volume":"56","author":"F Poodat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poodat, F., Arrowsmith, C., Fraser, D., & Gordon, A. (2015). Prioritizing urban habitats for connectivity conservation: Integrating centrality and ecological metrics\u201d. Environmental Management, 56, 664\u2013674.","journal-title":"Environmental Management"},{"key":"13993_CR75","unstructured":"Presidential Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Management (PCCRAM). (1997). Framework for environmental risk management. Washington, D.C.: Final report of the Presidential\/Congressional Commission on risk assessment and risk management. https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/risk\/recordisplay.cfm?deid=55006."},{"key":"13993_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riitters, K., Wickham, J., O\u2019Neill, R., Jones, B., & Smith, E. (2000). Global-scale patterns of forest fragmentation. Conservation Ecology, 4, https:\/\/www.consecol.org\/vol4\/iss2\/art3\/.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00209-040203"},{"key":"13993_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.06.036","volume":"60","author":"AAH Siddig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siddig, A. A. H., Ellison, A. M., Ochs, M., Villar-Leeman, C. C., & Lau, M. K. (2016). How do ecologists select and use indicator species to monitor change? Insights from 14 years of publication in ecological indicators\u201d. Ecological Indicators, 60, 223\u2013230.","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"issue":"9","key":"13993_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5278","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095278","volume":"19","author":"D Sinnett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinnett, D., Bray, I., Baranyi, G., Braubach, M., & Netanyanhu, S. (2022). Systematic review of the health and equity impacts of remediation and redevelopment of contaminated sites. International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health, 19(9), 5278.","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research in Public Health"},{"key":"13993_CR79","unstructured":"Statistical Analysis System (SAS). (2020). Statistical analysis. Cary, NC."},{"key":"13993_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2794-4","volume-title":"Landscape ecology in theory and practice: Pattern and process","author":"MG Turner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turner, M. G., & Gardner, R. H. (2015). Landscape ecology in theory and practice: Pattern and process. Springer."},{"key":"13993_CR81","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2020). Forest ecosystem health indicators. USDA, Northern Research Station (forestry), Newtown Square, Pa."},{"issue":"4","key":"13993_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.07.008","volume":"14","author":"M van den Berg","year":"2015","unstructured":"van den Berg, M., Wendel-Vos, W., Poppelac, M., Kemper, H., Mechelena, W., & Maasad, J. (2015). Health benefits of green spaces in the living environment: A systematic review of epidemiological studies\u201d. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening., 14(4), 806\u2013816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.07.008","journal-title":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening."},{"key":"13993_CR83","unstructured":"van der Valk, A.G. (2014). From formation to ecosystem: Tansley\u2019s response to Clements\u201d climax. Journal of Historical Biology. 10:1007\/s10739\u2013013\u20139363-y."},{"key":"13993_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1709","volume":"12","author":"AM Wagner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wagner, A. M., Larson, T. L., DalSoglio, J. A., Harris, P., Labus, E., Rosi-Marshall, J., & Skrabis, E. (2015). A framework for establishing restoration goals for contaminated ecosystems. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 12, 264\u2013272.","journal-title":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"},{"issue":"5664","key":"13993_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093187","volume":"303","author":"FW Whicker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Whicker, F. W., Hinton, T. G., MacDonell, M. M., Pinder, J. E., III., & Habegger, L. J. (2004). Avoiding destructive remediation at DOE Sites. Science, 303(5664), 1615\u20131517.","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13993-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13993-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13993-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T14:37:16Z","timestamp":1746628636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13993-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["13993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13993-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is an observational and GIS-based study. The Rutgers University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) has determined that no ethical approval is required.All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on \u201cEthical responsibilities of Authors\u201d as found in the Instructions for Authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"There are no potential conflicts of interest reported by the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"612"}}