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However, the persistence of pathogenic bacteria, including <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> spp., in treated effluents poses a significant public health risk. This study investigates the prevalence, seasonal variation, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity of <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> spp. in effluents from four WWTPs in Durban, South Africa and their receiving rivers. The removal efficiency of <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> spp. varied significantly across WWTPs, ranging from 76.41 to 100%, with biofilter-based systems, demonstrating the highest efficacy. Molecular identification confirmed <jats:italic>Vibrio vulnificus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Vibrio alginolyticus<\/jats:italic> as dominant species. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed widespread resistance, particularly to beta-lactams, with multidrug resistance (<jats:italic>MDR<\/jats:italic>) detected in 98% of isolates. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (<jats:italic>MARI<\/jats:italic>) values exceeded 0.2 in 99.5% of isolates, indicating significant antibiotic exposure. Genetic fingerprinting via repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (REP-PCR) identified identical strains in effluent and downstream river samples, implicating treated effluent as a significant contamination source. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved wastewater treatment processes and stringent regulatory monitoring to mitigate the environmental and public health risks associated with antimicrobial-resistant <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> spp. Future research should focus on whole-genome sequencing to characterise resistance genes and assess the long-term impact of <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> contamination on aquatic ecosystems and human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-14171-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T23:13:15Z","timestamp":1749510795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seasonal variability, antibiogram and genetic diversity of Vibrio spp. recovered from effluent discharge of wastewater treatment plants and their receiving rivers in Durban, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"197","author":[{"given":"Kerisha","family":"Ramessar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ademola O.","family":"Olaniran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"14171_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abbasi, S., Daneshmand-Mehr, M., & Ghane Kanafi, A. 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