{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T10:58:47Z","timestamp":1775473127880,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In order to understand the role of horses in ecosystems and to effectively use their grazing in the protection of grasslands, it is important to assess where they primarily stay, followed by whether these habitats are used for grazing or resting. The main goal of the study was the model development based on artificial intelligence tools which allow to distinguish the basic levels of activity performed by horses using data from an accelerometer mounted in a collar worn by animals. The model calibration was based on direct observations of five randomly selected Polish primitive horse mares. In order to create a model that allows for classification into three groups of behaviours: grazing, resting, and moving, an approach based on machine learning, one of the basic technologies of artificial intelligence, was used. The carried out analyses allowed for the determination of the most important features, among the fourteen determined from raw\n                    <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Y<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    axis acceleration values across 5-s measurements. The recommended method for the classification of behaviours of primitive Konik horses based on the selection of variables observed from the accelerometer is the CART method, whereas the most accurate tool for its construction is learning neural networks. Our research indicates the usefulness of the accelerometer and proposed artificial intelligence methods in distinguishing the main activities performed by horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-14363-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T22:57:04Z","timestamp":1752620224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Artificial intelligence tools to assess different levels of activity performed by semi-wild horses in grassland ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3234-5049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Chodkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8873-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Pro\u0144czuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Studnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"14363_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254721","volume":"16","author":"TM Altenburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Altenburg, T. M., Wang, X., van Ekris, E., Andersen, L. B., M\u00f8ller, N. C., Wedderkopp, N., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2021). The consequences of using different epoch lengths on the classification of accelerometer based sedentary behaviour and physical activity. PLoS One,\n16(7), Article Article e0254721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254721","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"14363_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.05.026","volume":"181","author":"FAP Alvarenga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alvarenga, F. A. P., Borges, I., Palkovi\u010d, L., Rodina, J., Oddy, V. H., & Dobos, R. C. (2016). Using a three-axis accelerometer to identify and classify sheep behaviour at pasture. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,\n181, 91\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.05.026","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"14363_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030850","volume":"11","author":"U Auer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Auer, U., Kelemen, Z., Engl, V., & Jenner, F. (2021). Activity time budgets \u2013 A potential tool to monitor equine welfare? Animals, 11(3), Article 850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11030850","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"14363_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.01.007","volume":"145","author":"J Barwick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barwick, J., Lamb, D. W., Dobos, R., Welch, M., & Trotter, M. (2018). Categorising sheep activity using a tri-axial accelerometer. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,\n145, 289\u2013297.","journal-title":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"},{"issue":"4","key":"14363_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040646","volume":"12","author":"J Barwick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barwick, J., Lamb, D. W., Dobos, R., Welch, M., Schneider, D., & Trotter, M. (2020). Identifying sheep activity from tri-axial acceleration signals using a moving window classification model. Remote Sensing,\n12(4), Article 646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs12040646","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"key":"14363_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00026-X","volume":"64","author":"A Berger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Berger, A., Scheibe, K.-M., Eichhorn, K., Scheibe, A., & Streich, J. (1999). Diurnal and ultradian rhythms of behaviour in a mare group of Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), measured through one year under semi-reserve conditions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,\n64, 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(99)00026-X","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"key":"14363_CR7","unstructured":"B\u0142a\u017cek, E., Stopa-Boryczka, M., Boryczka, J., Wawer, J., Dobrowolska, M., Grabowska, K., Grz\u0119da, M., Osowiec, M., & Skrzypczuk, J. (2013). Klimat p\u00f3\u0142nocno-wschodniej polski wed\u0142ug podzia\u0142u fizyczno-geograficznego J. Kondrackiego i J. Ostrowskiego. Wydzia\u0142 Geografii i Studi\u00f3w Regionalnych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego."},{"issue":"24","key":"14363_CR8","first-page":"4501","volume":"216","author":"HA Campbell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campbell, H. A., Gao, L., Bidder, O. R., Hunter, J., & Franklin, C. E. (2013). Creating a behavioural classification module for acceleration data: Using a captive surrogate for difficult to observe species. The Journal of Experimental Biology,\n216(24), 4501\u20134506.","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"14363_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2019.e00879","volume":"21","author":"A Chodkiewicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chodkiewicz, A. (2020). Advantages and disadvantages of Polish primitive horse grazing on valuable nature areas \u2013 A review. Global Ecology and Conservation, 21, Article e00879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gecco.2019.e00879","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Conservation"},{"issue":"9","key":"14363_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103189","volume":"9","author":"GH Collins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collins, G. H., Petersen, S. L., Carr, C. A., & Pielstick, L. (2014). Testing VHF\/GPS collar design and safety in the study of free-roaming horses. PLoS ONE, 9(9), Article e103189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103189","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"14363_CR11","first-page":"111","volume":"131","author":"E Cosyns","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cosyns, E., Degezelle, T., Demeulenaere, E., & Hoffman, M. (2001). Feeding ecology of Konik horses and donkeys in Belgian coastal dunes and its implication for nature management. Belgian Journal of Zoology,\n131(Suppl. 2), 111\u2013118.","journal-title":"Belgian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"14363_CR12","first-page":"188","volume":"92","author":"P Duncan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Duncan, P. (1985). Time-budget of Carmague horses. III. Environmental Influences. Behavior, 92, 188\u2013208.","journal-title":"III. Environmental Influences. Behavior"},{"key":"14363_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11380","volume":"14","author":"CE Dunford","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dunford, C. E., Marks, N. J., Wilson, R. P., & Scantlebury, D. M. (2024). Identifying animal behaviours from accelerometers: Improving predictive accuracy of machine learning by refining the variables selected, data frequency, and sample duration. Ecology and Evolution, 14, Article e11380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.11380","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"14363_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00564.x","volume":"88","author":"BA Hampson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hampson, B. A., Morton, J. M., Mills, P. C., Trotter, M. G., Lamb, D. W., & Pollit, C. C. (2010). Monitoring distances travelled by horses using GPS tracking collars. Veterinary Journal, 88(5), 176\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00564.x","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"14363_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.5.468","volume":"68","author":"BD Hansen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hansen, B. D., Lascelles, D. X., Keene, B. W., Adams, A. K., & Thomson, A. E. (2007). Evaluation of an accelerometer for at-home monitoring of spontaneous activity in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research,\n68(5), 468\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.68.5.468","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"14363_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1071\/WR19229","volume":"47","author":"JD Hennig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hennig, J. D., Scasta, J. D., Beck, J. L., Schoenecker, K. A., & King, S. R. B. (2020). Systematic review of equids and telemetry collars: Implications for deployment and reporting. Wildlife Research,\n47, 361\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/WR19229","journal-title":"Wildlife Research"},{"key":"14363_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Howley, T., Madden, M.G., O\u2019Connell, ML., & Ryder, A.G. (2006). The effect of principal component analysis on machine learning accuracy with high dimensional spectral data. In: A. Macintosh, R. Ellis, & T. Allen (Eds.), Applications and innovations in intelligent systems XIII. SGAI 2005 (1st\u00a0ed., pp. 209\u2013222). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/1-84628-224-1_16","DOI":"10.1007\/1-84628-224-1_16"},{"issue":"6","key":"14363_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01565.x","volume":"45","author":"P Kaczensky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaczensky, P., Ganbaatar, O., von Wehrden, H., & Walzer, C. (2008). Resource selection by sympatric wild equids in the Mongolian Gobi. Journal of Applied Ecology,\n45(6), 1762\u20131769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01565.x","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"14363_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00087-4","volume":"78","author":"SRB King","year":"2002","unstructured":"King, S. R. B. (2002). Home range and habitat use of free-ranging Przewalski horses at Hustai National Park, Mongolia. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 78, 101\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-1591(02)00087-4","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"key":"14363_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kleanthous, N. (2018). Machine learning techniques for classification of livestock behavior. In: L. Cheng, A. Leung, & S. Ozawa (Eds.), Neural Information Processing. ICONIP 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol 11304 (1st\u00a0ed., pp. 304\u2013315). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-04212-7_26","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04212-7_26"},{"key":"14363_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2016.03.020","volume":"234","author":"M K\u00f6hler","year":"2016","unstructured":"K\u00f6hler, M., Hiller, G., & Tischew, S. (2016). Year-round horse grazing supports typical vascular plant species, orchids and rare bird communities in a dry calcareous grassland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment,\n234, 48\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2016.03.020","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"14363_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/11250003.2012.725777","volume":"80","author":"A Krop-Benesch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krop-Benesch, A., Berger, A., Hofer, H., & Heurich, M. (2013). Long-term measurement of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (Mammalia: Cervidae) activity using two-axis accelerometers in GPS-collars. Italian Journal of Zoology,\n80(1), 69\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/11250003.2012.725777","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Zoology"},{"key":"14363_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.12912\/23920629\/60024","volume":"44","author":"J Kru\u017cel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kru\u017cel, J., Ziernicka-Wojtaszek, A., Borek, \u0141, & Ostrowski, K. (2015). Zmiany czasu trwania meteorologicznego okresu wegetacyjnego w Polsce w latach 1971\u20132000 oraz 1981\u20132010. In\u017cynieria Ekologiczna, 44, 47\u201352.","journal-title":"In\u017cynieria Ekologiczna"},{"key":"14363_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.2002.00693.x","volume":"39","author":"C Menard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Menard, C., Duncan, P., Fleurance, G., Georges, J., & Lila, M. (2002). Comparative foraging and nutrition of horses and cattle in European wetlands. Journal of Applied Ecology,\n39, 120\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2664.2002.00693.x","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"14363_CR26","first-page":"315","volume":"28","author":"E Metera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Metera, E., Sakowski, T., S\u0142oniewski, K., & Romanowicz, B. (2010). Grazing as a tool to maintain biodiversity. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 28(4), 315\u2013334.","journal-title":"Animal Science Papers and Reports"},{"key":"14363_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2021.e01874","volume":"31","author":"C Moindardeau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moindardeau, C., Mesl\u00e9ard, F., Ramone, H., & Dutoit, T. (2021). Grazing in temporary paddocks with hardy breed horses (konik polski) improved species-rich grasslands restoration in artificial embankments of the Rh\u00f4ne river (Southern France). Global Ecology and Conservation, 31, Article e01874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gecco.2021.e01874","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Conservation"},{"issue":"1","key":"14363_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0550-2","volume":"11","author":"R Morrison","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morrison, R., Sutton, D. G. M., Ramsoy, C., Hunter-Blair, N., Carnwath, J., Horsfield, E., & Yam, P. S. (2015). Validity and practical utility of accelerometry for the measurement of in-hand physical activity in horses. BMC Veterinary Research,\n11, 233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-015-0550-2","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"14363_CR29","first-page":"25","volume":"12","author":"E Pasicka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pasicka, E. (2013). Polish Konik horse \u2013 Characteristics and historical background of native descendants of tarpan. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Medicina Veterinaria, 12(2\u20134), 25\u201338.","journal-title":"Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Medicina Veterinaria"},{"key":"14363_CR30","unstructured":"Polish Horse Breeders Association. (2020). Program ochrony rasy konik polski. Retrieved February 7, 2025, from https:\/\/www.pzhk.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/pr-hodow-kn-2020-04-01.pdf"},{"key":"14363_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:19980502","volume":"47","author":"S Prache","year":"1998","unstructured":"Prache, S., Gordon, I. J., & Rook, A. J. (1998). Foraging behaviour and diet selection in domestic herbivores. Annales de Zootechnie,\n47, 335\u2013345.","journal-title":"Annales de Zootechnie"},{"key":"14363_CR32","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2025). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved June 28, 2025, from https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"14363_CR33","first-page":"241","volume":"1","author":"A Re\u0137e","year":"2019","unstructured":"Re\u0137e, A., Zari\u0146a, A., & Vinogradovs, I. (2019). Management of semi-wild large herbivores\u2019 grazing sites in Latvia. Environment Technologies Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, 1, 241\u2013244.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference"},{"key":"14363_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106610","volume":"192","author":"L Riaboff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riaboff, L., Shalloo, L., Smeaton, A. F., Couvreur, S., Madouasse, A., & Keane, M. T. (2022). Predicting livestock behaviour using accelerometers: A systematic review of processing techniques for ruminant behaviour prediction from raw accelerometer data. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,\n192, Article 106610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106610","journal-title":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"},{"key":"14363_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.105027","volume":"166","author":"K Sakai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sakai, K., Oishi, K., Miwa, M., Kumagai, H., & Hirooka, H. (2019). Behavior classification of goats using 9-axis multi sensors: The effect of imbalanced datasets on classification performance. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 166, Article 105027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compag.2019.105027","journal-title":"Computers and Electronics in Agriculture"},{"key":"14363_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1139\/Z08-122","volume":"86","author":"JA Schaefer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schaefer, J. A., Morellet, N., P\u00e9pin, D., & Verheyden, H. (2008). The spatial scale of habitat selection by red deer. Canadian Journal of Zoology,\n86, 1337\u20131345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/Z08-122","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"4","key":"14363_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11041153","volume":"11","author":"G Simanungkalit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simanungkalit, G., Barwick, J., Cowley, F., Dobos, R., & Hegarty, R. (2021). A pilot study using accelerometers to characterise the licking behaviour of penned cattle at a mineral block supplement. Animals,\n11(4), Article 1153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11041153","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"14363_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2011.01172.x","volume":"15","author":"PA Stroh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stroh, P. A., Mountford, J. O., & Hughes, F. M. R. (2012). The potential for endozoochorous dispersal of temperate fen plant species by free-roaming horses. Applied Vegetation Science, 15, 359\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2011.01172.x","journal-title":"Applied Vegetation Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"14363_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40317-015-0045-8","volume":"3","author":"JA V\u00e1zquez Diosdado","year":"2015","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez Diosdado, J. A., Barker, Z. E., Hodges, H. R., Amory, J. R., Croft, D. P., Bell, N. J., & Codling, E. A. (2015). Classification of behaviour in housed dairy cows using an accelerometer-based activity monitoring system. Animal Biotelemetry,\n3, 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40317-015-0045-8","journal-title":"Animal Biotelemetry"},{"key":"14363_CR41","unstructured":"Vulink, J.T. (2001). Hungry herds: Management of temperate lowland wetlands by grazing. Rijkswaterstaat."},{"key":"14363_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., & Sawchuk, A. (2011). A feature selection-based framework for human activity recognition using wearable multimodal sensors. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Body Area Networks (pp. 92\u201398). Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.bodynets.2011.247018"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14363-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14363-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14363-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T11:28:42Z","timestamp":1757244522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14363-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["14363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14363-1","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6510757\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on \u201cEthical responsibilities of Authors\u201d as found in the Instructions for Authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"No approval of research ethics committees was required to accomplish the goals of this study because experimental work did not involve capturing and chemical immobilisation of the horses.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"A statement on the welfare of animals if the research involved animals"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}],"article-number":"922"}}