{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:37:26Z","timestamp":1792611446261,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-14492-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T15:58:20Z","timestamp":1758297500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Geospatial analysis of elephant mortalities by electrocution from northern districts landscape of West Bengal, India"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6274-9373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saumyajit","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mrinmay","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Vijayaprakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devesh","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasanka Kumar","family":"Gayen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"14492_CR1","unstructured":"All India Synchronized Elephant Population Estimation.\u00a0(2017). Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Report."},{"key":"14492_CR2","unstructured":"Baskaran, N., Balasubramanian, M., Swaminathan, S., & Desai, A. A. (2013). Home range of elephants and its implications for the management of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, southern India.\u00a0Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 108(1), 1\u201310."},{"issue":"3","key":"14492_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.33002\/nr2581.6853.03033","volume":"3","author":"M Bhatta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatta, M., & Joshi, R. (2020). Analysis of human\u2013wildlife conflict in buffer zone area: A case study of Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal. Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources, 3(3), 28\u201345.","journal-title":"Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources"},{"key":"14492_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780090616","volume":"9","author":"JF Bithell","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bithell, J. F. (1990). An application of density estimation to geographical epidemiology. Statistics in Medicine, 9, 691\u2013701.","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"14492_CR5","volume-title":"Crime analysis and crime mapping","author":"R Boba","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boba, R. (2005). Crime analysis and crime mapping. Sage Publications."},{"issue":"1","key":"14492_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s41207-017-0036-7","volume":"2","author":"M Bouaziz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bouaziz, M., Eisold, S., & Guermazi, E. (2017). Semiautomatic approach for land cover classification: a remote sensing study for arid climate in southeastern Tunisia. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 2(1), 24.","journal-title":"Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration"},{"key":"14492_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/0098-3004(95)00020-9","volume":"21","author":"C Brunsdon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brunsdon, C. (1995). Estimating probability surfaces for geographical point data: An adaptive kernel algorithm. Computers & Geosciences,\n21, 877\u2013894.","journal-title":"Computers & Geosciences"},{"key":"14492_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118685181","volume-title":"GIS and crime mapping","author":"S Chainey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chainey, S., & Ratcliffe, J. (2005). GIS and crime mapping. Wiley publication."},{"key":"14492_CR9","unstructured":"Choudhury, A., Lahiri Choudhury, D.K., Desai, A., Duckworth, J.W., Easa, P.S., Johnsingh, A.J.T. et al. (Iucn Ssc Asian Elephant Specialist Group). (2008). Elephas Maximus. Iniucn Red List Of Threatened Species V. 2013.2. http:\/\/www.Iucnredlist.Org\u00a0Accessed 2 Feb 2025."},{"key":"14492_CR10","unstructured":"Cites. (2013). Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora. Appendices I, Ii And Iii. http:\/\/Cites.Org\/Eng\/App\/Appendices.Php\u00a0Accessed 25 Jan 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"14492_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/10871209.2024.2372106","volume":"30","author":"SK Dash","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dash, S. K., Ghosh, S., Das, R., Das, D., Nandy, S., Das, T., & Sonker, G. (2024). Human-elephant conflict: Attitudes of local peopletoward elephants and the conflict management authority in a shared landscape of India. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 30(3), 304\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10871209.2024.2372106","journal-title":"Human Dimensions of Wildlife"},{"key":"14492_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, L. A., & Adams, W. M. (2016). Fencing elephants: The hidden politics of wildlife fencing in Laikipia. Kenya. Land Use Policy., 51, 215\u2013228.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2015.11.008"},{"issue":"1","key":"14492_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2007.07.007","volume":"73","author":"P Fernando","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fernando, P., Wikramanayake, E. D., Janaka, H. K., Jayasinghe, L. K. A., Gunawardena, M., Kotagama, S. W., Weerakoon, D., & Pastorini, J. (2008). Ranging behavior of the Asian elephant in Sri Lanka. Mammalian Biology, 73(1), 2\u201313.","journal-title":"Mammalian Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"14492_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2307\/622936","volume":"21","author":"AC Gatrell","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gatrell, A. C., et al. (1996). Spatial point pattern analysis and its application in geographical epidemiol ogy. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,\n21(1), 256\u2013274.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers"},{"key":"14492_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-024-02156-3","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghosh, S., Mandal, M., Das, D., et al. (2024). Modeling on the assessment of habitat suitability and conflicting nature nexus of human-elephant-environment at the Alipurduar district in India. Model Earth Systems and Environment. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40808-024-02156-3","journal-title":"Model Earth Systems and Environment"},{"key":"14492_CR16","first-page":"326","volume":"43","author":"S Gubbi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gubbi, S. (2009). Elephant deaths due to electrocution: A consequence of inappropriate habitat management? Oryx, 43, 326\u2013327.","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"issue":"1","key":"14492_CR17","first-page":"63","volume":"5","author":"S Gubbi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gubbi, S., Poornesha, H. C., & Madhusudan, M. D. (2012). Impact of vehicular traffic on the use of forest roads by large mammals in a South Indian wildlife reserve. Tropical Conservation Science,\n5(1), 63\u201371.","journal-title":"Tropical Conservation Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"14492_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-013-0612-5","volume":"23","author":"S Gubbi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gubbi, S., Swaminath, M. H., Poornesha, H. C., Bhat, R., & Raghunath, R. (2014). An elephantine challenge: Human\u2013elephant conflict distribution in the largest Asian elephant population, southern India. Biodiversity and Conservation, 23(3), 633\u2013647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10531-013-0612-5","journal-title":"Biodiversity and Conservation"},{"issue":"11","key":"14492_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E28212","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028212","volume":"6","author":"F Guil","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guil, F., Fernandez-Olalla, M., Moreno-Opo, R., Mosqueda, I., G\u00f3mez, M. E., & Aranda, A. E. (2011). Minimising mortality in endangered raptors due to power lines: The importance of spatial aggregation to optimize the application of mitigation measures. PLoS One,\n6(11), Article E28212.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"14492_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.09.013","volume":"141","author":"B Gurung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gurung, B., Smith, J. L. D., McDougal, C., Karki, J. B., & Barlow, A. (2008). Factors associated with human-killing tigers in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Biological Conservation, 141(12), 3069\u20133078.","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"14492_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-4-9","volume":"4","author":"D Han","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han, D., et al. (2005). Assessing spatio-temporal variability of risk surfaces using residential history data in a case control study of breast cancer. International Journal of Health Geographics, 4, 9.","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Geographics"},{"issue":"1","key":"14492_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.09.022","volume":"142","author":"MW Hayward","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hayward, M. W., & Kerley, G. I. (2009). Fencing for conser vation: Restriction of evolutionary potential or a riposte to threatening processes? Biological Conservation,\n142(1), 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"14492_CR23","unstructured":"Japan International Cooperation Agency. (2012). West Bengal transmission system project (I) (II): Ex-post evaluation report (2011_ID-P143_4). OPMAC Corporation. Retrieved from https:\/\/www2.jica.go.jp\/en\/evaluation\/pdf\/2011_ID-P143_4_f.pdf Accessed on 20.07.2025"},{"key":"14492_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalam, T., Baishya, H. K., & Smith, D. (2018).\u00a0Lethal fence electrocution: A major threat to Asian elephants in Assam, India.\u00a0Tropical Conservation Science, 11, 1\u20136.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1940082918817283","DOI":"10.1177\/1940082918817283"},{"key":"14492_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780142106","volume":"14","author":"JE Kelsall","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kelsall, J. E., & Diggle, P. J. (1995). Non\u2013parametric estimation of spatial variation in relative risk. Statistics in Medicine,\n14, 2335\u20132342.","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"14492_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsey, P. A., Masterson, C. L., Beck, A. L., & Roma~ Nach, S. (2012). Ecological, social and financial issues related to fencing as a conservation tool in Africa. In Fencing for Con Servation (Pp. 215\u2013234). Springer, New York, Ny.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0902-1_12"},{"key":"14492_CR27","unstructured":"Menon, V., Sukumar, R., & Kumar, A. (1997). A god in distress: Threats of poaching and the ivory trade to the asian elephant in India. Bengaluru, India: Indian Institute of Science, Asian Elephant Conservation Centre."},{"key":"14492_CR28","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). (2020).\u00a0Elephant corridors of India. Project Elephant Division, Government of India."},{"issue":"2","key":"14492_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210580","volume":"14","author":"D Naha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naha, D., Sathyakumar, S., Dash, S., Chettri, A., & Rawat, G. S. (2019). Assessment and prediction of spatial patterns of human-elephant conflicts in changing land cover scenarios of a human dominated landscape in North Bengal. PLoS One,\n14(2), Article e0210580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0210580","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"14492_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pal, M., & Mather, P. M. (2004). Assessment of the effectiveness of support vector machines for hyperspectral data. Future Generation Computer Systems, 20(7), 1215\u20131225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.future.2003.11.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2003.11.011"},{"key":"14492_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pal, M., & Mather, P. M. (2005). Support vector machines for classification in remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26(5), 1007\u20131011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01431160512331314083","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160512331314083"},{"issue":"4","key":"14492_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1017\/S003060531400012X","volume":"48","author":"NC Palei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palei, N. C., Palei, H. S., Rath, B. P., & Kar, C. S. (2014). Mortality of the endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus by electrocution in Odisha. India. Oryx, 48(4), 602\u2013604.","journal-title":"India. Oryx"},{"key":"14492_CR33","unstructured":"Rangarajan, M., Desai, A., Sukumar, R., Easa, P. S., Menon, V., Vincent, S., & Prasad, A. N. (2010). Gajah. Securing the Future for Elephants in India."},{"key":"14492_CR34","unstructured":"Rodgers, W. A. (2000)Wildlife protected area network in India: A review executive summary"},{"key":"14492_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960415)15:7\/9<717::AID-SIM243>3.0.CO;2-0","volume":"15","author":"G Rushton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rushton, G., & Lolonis, P. (1996). Exploratory spatial analysis of birth defect rates in an urban population. Statistics in Medicine, 15, 717\u2013726.","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"14492_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00360-3","volume":"50","author":"CE Sabel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sabel, C. E., et al. (2000). Modelling exposure opportunities: Estimating relative risk for motor neurone disease in Finland. Social Science & Medicine,\n50, 1121\u20131137.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"14492_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605310000906","volume":"44","author":"C Santiapillai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santiapillai, C., & Read, B. (2010). Would masking the smell of ripening paddy fields help mitigate human\u2013elephant conflict in Sri Lanka? Oryx, 44(4), 509\u2013511.","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"issue":"3","key":"14492_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5814\/j.issn.1674-764x.2014.03.006","volume":"5","author":"S Sapkota","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sapkota, S., Aryal, A., Baral, S. R., Hayward, M. W., & Raubenheimer, D. (2014). Economic analysis of electric fencing for mitigating human-wildlife conflict in Nepal. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 5(3), 237\u2013243.","journal-title":"Journal of Resources and Ecology"},{"key":"14492_CR39","unstructured":"Sar, C. K., & Lahiri-Choudhury, D. K. (2006).\u00a0Man\u2013elephant conflict: The Keonjhar (Orissa) experience.\u00a0Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 103(2\u20133), 286\u2013293."},{"key":"14492_CR40","volume-title":"Density estimation for statistics and data analysis","author":"BW Silverman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Silverman, B. W. (1986). Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Chapman & Hall\/CRC."},{"issue":"8","key":"14492_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212560","volume":"20","author":"PC Smits","year":"1999","unstructured":"Smits, P. C., Dellepiane, S. G., & Schowengerdt, R. A. (1999). Quality assessment of image classification algorithms for land-cover mapping: A review and a proposal for a cost-based approach. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 20(8), 1461\u20131486.","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"1","key":"14492_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467400004004","volume":"6","author":"R Sukumar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sukumar, R. (1990). Ecology of the Asian elephant in southern India. Part II. Feeding habits and crop raiding patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 6(1), 33\u201353.","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Ecology"},{"key":"14492_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x","volume":"40","author":"R Sukumar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sukumar, R. (2006). A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants. International Zoo Yearbook, 40, 1\u20138.","journal-title":"International Zoo Yearbook"},{"key":"14492_CR44","unstructured":"Sukumar, R., Venkataraman, A., Cheeran, J. V. & Mujumdar, P. P. (2003). Study of elephants in Buxa Tiger Reserve and adjoining areas in northern West Bengal and preparation of conservation action plan. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore."},{"key":"14492_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892905002341","volume":"32","author":"KSG Sundar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sundar, K. S. G., & Choudhury, B. C. (2005). Mortality of sarus cranes (Grus antigone) due to electricity wires in Uttar Pradesh, India. Environmental Conservation, 32, 260\u2013269.","journal-title":"Environmental Conservation"},{"key":"14492_CR46","unstructured":"Williams, A. C., Johnsingh, A. J. T., & Krausman, P. R. (2001).\u00a0Elephant\u2013human conflicts in Rajaji National Park, north-western India.\u00a0Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29(4), 1097\u20131104."},{"key":"14492_CR47","unstructured":"Williams, C., Tiwari, S. K., Goswami, V. R., De Silva, S., Kumar, A., Baskaran, N., & Menon, V. (2020). Elephas maximus. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2020: E. T7140A45818198.\u00a0Retrieved,\u00a012, 2021."},{"key":"14492_CR48","unstructured":"World Population Review. (2025). West Bengal population 2025. Accessed on July 7, 2025, from https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/cities\/india\/west-bengal"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14492-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14492-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14492-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T16:04:42Z","timestamp":1760371482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14492-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["14492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-025-14492-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6621321\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"I have obtained a written informed consent to publish the image for this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1124"}}