{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T12:09:56Z","timestamp":1779451796202,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Deanship of Scientific Research, Ongoing Research Funding program - Research Chairs, King Saud University","award":["ORF-RC-2025-3800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-RC-2025-3800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-026-15355-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T18:32:48Z","timestamp":1778005968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Climate-driven distribution modeling of Glossina fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the Afrotropical Region: current patterns, future projections, and implications for presence in the Arabian Peninsula"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9162-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdi S. A.","family":"El-Hawagry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha","family":"Al-Akeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrhman","family":"Almadiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4911-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hathal M.","family":"Al Dhafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa M.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"15355_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abatzoglou, J. T., Dobrowski, S. Z., Parks, S. A., & Hegewisch, K. C. (2018). TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958\u20132015. Scientific Data, 5(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sdata.2017.191","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.191"},{"issue":"5","key":"15355_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.01132","volume":"38","author":"ME Aiello-Lammens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aiello-Lammens, M. E., Boria, R. A., Radosavljevic, A., Vilela, B., & Anderson, R. P. (2015). spThin: An R package for spatial thinning of species occurrence records for use in ecological niche models. Ecography, 38(5), 541\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecog.01132","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"15355_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akinseye, O., Olaleye, O., Sunday, A. J., Otunla, M. T., Edith, A. K., & Mustapha, A. (2024). Population dynamics of tsetse fly in Ido LGA of Oyo state in response to environmental factors and climate change. MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences, 9(3), 104\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15406\/mojes.2024.09.00312","DOI":"10.15406\/mojes.2024.09.00312"},{"issue":"6","key":"15355_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2006.01214.x","volume":"43","author":"O Allouche","year":"2006","unstructured":"Allouche, O., Tsoar, A., & Kadmon, R. (2006). Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: Prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS). Journal of Applied Ecology, 43(6), 1223\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2006.01214.x","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"15355_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.09.010","volume":"22","author":"M Ara\u00fajo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, M., & New, M. (2007). Ensemble forecasting of species distributions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22(1), 42\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2006.09.010","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"key":"15355_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakhoum , M. T., Vreysen, M. J. B., & Bouyer, J. (2021). The use of species distribution modelling and landscape genetics for tsetse control. In J. Hendrichs, R. Pereira, & Vreysen, M. J. B (Eds.), AreaWide Integrated Pest Management: Development and Field Application (pp. 857\u2013868). Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003169239-49"},{"issue":"11","key":"15355_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.02.011","volume":"222","author":"N Barve","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barve, N., Barve, V., Jim\u00e9nez-Valverde, A., Lira-Noriega, A., Maher, S. P., Peterson, A. T., et al. (2011). The crucial role of the accessible area in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling. Ecological Modelling, 222(11), 1810\u20131819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2011.02.011","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"issue":"7","key":"15355_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210x.12200","volume":"5","author":"JL Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown, J. L. (2014). SDMtoolbox: A python-based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic, biogeographic and species distribution model analyses. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5(7), 694\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210x.12200","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"15355_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brown, J. L., Bennett, J. R., & French, C. M. (2017). SDMtoolbox 2.0: The next generation Python-based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic, biogeographic and species distribution model analyses. PeerJ, 5, e4095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.4095","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4095"},{"key":"15355_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31510-6","volume":"390","author":"PGC B\u00fcscher","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00fcscher, P. G. C., Jamonneau, V., & Priotto, G. (2017). Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet, 390, 2397\u20132409.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"15355_CR11","unstructured":"Cecchi, G., Paone, M., de Gier, J., & Zhao, W. (2024). The continental atlas of the distribution of tsetse flies in Africa. PAAT Technical and Scientific Series, No. 12. (p. 224). Rome, Italy: FAO . https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/handle\/20.500.14283\/cd2022en. Accessed 2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"15355_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02007.x","volume":"13","author":"F Courtin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Courtin, F., Jamonneau, V., Duvallet, G., Garcia, A., Coulibaly, B., Doumenge, J. P., et al. (2008). Sleeping sickness in West Africa (1906-2006): Changes in spatial repartition and lessons from the past. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 13(3), 334\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02007.x","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"15355_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2005.00580.x","volume":"19","author":"R De Deken","year":"2005","unstructured":"De Deken, R., Sumbu, J., Mpiana, S., Mansinsa, P., Watsenga, F., Lutumba, P., et al. (2005). Trypanosomiasis in Kinshasa: Distribution of the vector, Glossina fuscipes quanzensis, and risk of transmission in the peri-urban area. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 19(4), 353\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2005.00580.x","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"15355_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duguma, R., Tasew, S., Olani, A., Damena, D., Alemu, D., Mulatu, T., et al. (2015). Spatial distribution of Glossina sp. and Trypanosoma sp. in south-western Ethiopia. Parasites & Vectors, 8(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-1041-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1041-9"},{"key":"15355_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El Hawagry , M. S., & Al Dhafer, H. M. (2019). The family Bombyliidae in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Brachycera: Asiloidea). Zootaxa, 4590(1), 59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.4590.1.3","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4590.1.3"},{"issue":"21-22","key":"15355_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1080\/00222933.2018.1456575","volume":"52","author":"MS El-Hawagry","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Hawagry, M. S., Abdel-Dayem, M. S., & Al Dhafer, H. M. (2018). A contribution to the knowledge of fly fauna in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: New country records and an account of flies identified from Rawdhats, Riyadh Region, with biogeographical remarks (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Natural History, 52(21\u201322), 1377\u20131393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222933.2018.1456575","journal-title":"Journal of Natural History"},{"key":"15355_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.636.9905","volume":"636","author":"MS El-Hawagry","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Hawagry, M. S., Abdel-Dayem, M. S., Elgharbawy, A. A., & Al Dhafer, H. M. (2016). A preliminary account of the fly fauna in Jabal Shada al-A\u2019la Nature Reserve, Saudi Arabia, with new records and biogeographical remarks (Diptera, Insecta). ZooKeys, 636, 107\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.636.9905","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"issue":"25-26","key":"15355_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1080\/00222933.2017.1347299","volume":"51","author":"MS El-Hawagry","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Hawagry, M. S., Abdel-Dayem, M. S., El-Sonbati, S. A., & Al Dhafer, H. (2017). A preliminary account of the fly fauna in Garf Raydah Nature Reserve, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with new records and biogeographical remarks (Diptera: Insecta). Journal of Natural History, 51(25\u201326), 1499\u20131530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222933.2017.1347299","journal-title":"Journal of Natural History"},{"issue":"1","key":"15355_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s41938022005257","volume":"32","author":"M El-Hawagry","year":"2022","unstructured":"El-Hawagry, M., Al-Khalaf, A. A., Soliman, A. M., AbdelDayem, M. S., & Al Dhafer, H. M. (2022). The Nemestrinidae in Egypt and Saudi Arabia (Brachycera: Diptera). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 32(1), 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41938022005257","journal-title":"Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control"},{"key":"15355_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.274.4529","volume":"274","author":"M El-Hawagry","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Hawagry, M., Khalil, M., Sharaf, M., Fadl, H., & Aldawood, A. (2013). A preliminary study on the insect fauna of Al-Baha Province, Saudi Arabia, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys, 274, 1\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/zookeys.274.4529","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"issue":"19\u201320","key":"15355_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1080\/00222933.2015.1103913","volume":"50","author":"MS El-Hawagry","year":"2015","unstructured":"El-Hawagry, M. S., Sharaf, M. R., Al Dhafer, H. M., Fadl, H. H., & Aldawood, A. S. (2015). Addenda to the insect fauna of Al-Baha Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with zoogeographical notes. Journal of Natural History, 50(19\u201320), 1209\u20131236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222933.2015.1103913","journal-title":"Journal of Natural History"},{"key":"15355_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"El-Hawagry, M. S., Al Dhafer, H. M., & Abdel-Dayem, M. S. (2019). On the fly fauna of the central region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: New country records from Riyadh Region, with a list of associated fly species and zoo geographical remarks (Insecta: Diptera). Journal of Natural History, 53(1\u20132), 17\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222933.2019.1568601","DOI":"10.1080\/00222933.2019.1568601"},{"key":"15355_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Elith, J., H. Graham, C., P. Anderson, R., Dud\u00edk, M., Ferrier, S., Guisan, A., et al. (2006). Novel methods improve prediction of species\u2019 distributions from occurrence data. Ecography, 29(2), 129\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0906-7590.04596.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"15355_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x","volume":"17","author":"J Elith","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elith, J., Phillips, S. J., Hastie, T., Dud\u00edk, M., Chee, Y. E., & Yates, C. J. (2011). A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions, 17(1), 43\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-4642.2010.00725.x","journal-title":"Diversity and Distributions"},{"key":"15355_CR25","unstructured":"Elsen, P., Amoudi, M., & Leclercq, M. (1990). First record of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, 1910 and Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead, 1910 in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Annales de la Societe belge de medecine tropicale, 70(4), 281\u2013287. http:\/\/europepmc.org\/abstract\/MED\/2291693"},{"key":"15355_CR26","unstructured":"ESRI. (2018). ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.7. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute."},{"issue":"5","key":"15355_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-1937-2016","volume":"9","author":"V Eyring","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eyring, V., Bony, S., Meehl, G. A., Senior, C. A., Stevens, B., Stouffer, R. J., & Taylor, K. E. (2016). Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(5), 1937\u20131958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-9-1937-2016","journal-title":"Geoscientific Model Development"},{"key":"15355_CR28","unstructured":"FAO. (1982). Ecology and behaviour of tsetse (J. N. Pollock, Ed.). Training manual for tsetse control personnel (Vol. 2). (J. Pollock, Ed.) (p. 101). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/de6d9791-0f4e-4fd3-804d-28ddbb701930\/content. Accessed 10 July 2025"},{"key":"15355_CR29","unstructured":"FAO. (2022). Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT): Tsetse distribution. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [https:\/\/www.fao.org\/paat\/en\/]"},{"issue":"12","key":"15355_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4302","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086","volume":"37","author":"SE Fick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), 4302\u20134315.","journal-title":"International Journal of Climatology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"15355_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.015","volume":"217","author":"EA Freeman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Freeman, E. A., & Moisen, G. G. (2008). A comparison of the performance of threshold criteria for binary classification in terms of predicted prevalence and kappa. Ecological Modelling, 217(1\u20132), 48\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2008.05.015","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"key":"15355_CR32","unstructured":"GBIF.org. (2025). GBIF Occurrence Download. https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/occurrence\/search?taxon_key=5056011. Accessed 1 January 2025"},{"key":"15355_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gebrewahid, Y., Abrehe, S., Meresa, E., Eyasu, G., Abay, K., Gebreab, G., et al. (2020). Current and future predicting potential areas of Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Richard) using MaxEnt model under climate change in Northern Ethiopia. Ecological Processes, 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13717-019-0210-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-019-0210-8"},{"key":"15355_CR34","unstructured":"Google. (2025). Google Maps. Google LLC. https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps. Accessed 1 April 2025"},{"key":"15355_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","volume":"202","author":"N Gorelick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., & Moore, R. (2017). Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202, 18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"15355_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12268","volume":"24","author":"G Guillera-Arroita","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guillera-Arroita, G., Lahoz-Monfort, J. J., Elith, J., Gordon, A., Kujala, H., Lentini, P. E., et al. (2015). Is my species distribution model fit for purpose? Matching data and models to applications. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24(3), 276\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/geb.12268","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Biogeography"},{"key":"15355_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kargbo, A., Dafka, S., Osman, A. M., Koua, H. K., Rafael, F., & Rockl\u00f6v, J. (2025). Impact of climate change and variability on the occurrence and distribution of Trypanosoma vectors in The Gambia. Parasitology Research, 124(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-025-08475-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-025-08475-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"15355_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(12)70296-x","volume":"12","author":"PG Kennedy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kennedy, P. G. (2013). Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). The Lancet Neurology, 12(2), 186\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(12)70296-x","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"15355_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2013.02.007","volume":"49","author":"R Khanum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khanum, R., Mumtaz, A. S., & Kumar, S. (2013). Predicting impacts of climate change on medicinal asclepiads of Pakistan using Maxent modeling. Acta Oecologica, 49, 23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actao.2013.02.007","journal-title":"Acta Oecologica"},{"key":"15355_CR40","unstructured":"KirkSpriggs, A., & Sinclair, B. (2017). Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. (A. KirkSpriggs & B. Sinclair, Eds.) (pp. 1\u201367). Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute."},{"issue":"10","key":"15355_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1175\/2009jcli3361.1","volume":"23","author":"R Knutti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Knutti, R., Furrer, R., Tebaldi, C., Cermak, J., & Meehl, G. A. (2010). Challenges in Combining Projections from Multiple Climate Models. Journal of Climate, 23(10), 2739\u20132758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/2009jcli3361.1","journal-title":"Journal of Climate"},{"key":"15355_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lange, S., B\u00fcchner, M., & Langer, S. (2020). ISIMIP3b bias-adjusted atmospheric climate input data (v1.1). ISIMIP Repository. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48364\/ISIMIP.842396.1","DOI":"10.48364\/ISIMIP.842396.1"},{"issue":"3","key":"15355_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-7590.2005.03957.x","volume":"28","author":"C Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu, C., Berry, P. M., Dawson, T. P., & Pearson, R. G. (2005). Selecting thresholds of occurrence in the prediction of species distributions. Ecography, 28(3), 385\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0906-7590.2005.03957.x","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"issue":"2","key":"15355_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2010.06354.x","volume":"34","author":"C Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, C., White, M., & Newell, G. (2011). Measuring and comparing the accuracy of species distribution models with presence-absence data. Ecography, 34(2), 232\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2010.06354.x","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"15355_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Longbottom, J., Caminade, C., Gibson, H. S., Weiss, D. J., Torr, S., & Lord, J. S. (2020). Modelling the impact of climate change on the distribution and abundance of tsetse in Northern Zimbabwe. Parasites & Vectors, 13(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04398-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04398-3"},{"issue":"10","key":"15355_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e015374","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-015374","volume":"9","author":"J Longbottom","year":"2024","unstructured":"Longbottom, J., Esterhuizen, J., Hope, A., Lehane, M. J., Mangwiro, T. C., Mugenyi, A., et al. (2024). Impact of a national tsetse control programme to eliminate Gambian sleeping sickness in Uganda: a spatiotemporal modelling study. BMJ Global Health, 9(10), e015374\u2013e015374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-015374","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"15355_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002675","volume":"15","author":"JS Lord","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lord, J. S., Hargrove, J. W., Torr, S. J., & Vale, G. A. (2018). Climate change and African trypanosomiasis vector populations in Zimbabwe\u2019s Zambezi Valley: A mathematical modelling study. PLOS Medicine, 15(10), Article e1002675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002675","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"15355_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-014-2418-8","volume":"44","author":"CF McSweeney","year":"2015","unstructured":"McSweeney, C. F., Jones, R. G., Lee, R. W., & Rowell, D. P. (2015). Selecting CMIP5 GCMs for downscaling over multiple regions. Climate Dynamics, 44(11\u201312), 3237\u20133260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00382-014-2418-8","journal-title":"Climate Dynamics"},{"issue":"5","key":"15355_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.671134","volume":"102","author":"JP Messina","year":"2012","unstructured":"Messina, J. P., Moore, N., DeVisser, M. H., McCord, P., & Walker, E. D. (2012). Climate Change and Risk Projection: Dynamic Spatial Models of Tsetse and African Trypanosomiasis in Kenya. Annals of The Association of American Geographers, 102(5), 1038\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00045608.2012.671134","journal-title":"Annals of The Association of American Geographers"},{"issue":"70","key":"15355_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0654","volume":"9","author":"S Moore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moore, S., Shrestha, S., Tomlinson, K. W., & Vuong, H. (2012). Predicting the effect of climate change on African trypanosomiasis: integrating epidemiology with parasite and vector biology. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 9(70), 817\u2013830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2011.0654","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"15355_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morales, N. S., Fern\u00e1ndez, I. C., & Baca-Gonz\u00e1lez, V. (2017). MaxEnt\u2019s parameter configuration and small samples: are we paying attention to recommendations? A systematic review. PeerJ, 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.3093","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3093"},{"key":"15355_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mugenyi, A., Muhanguzi, D., Hendrickx, G., Nicolas, G., Waiswa, C., Torr, S., et al. (2021). Spatial analysis of G.f.fuscipes abundance in Uganda using Poisson and Zero-Inflated Poisson regression models. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(12), e0009820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009820"},{"issue":"7","key":"15355_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011512","volume":"17","author":"J Muyobela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muyobela, J., Pirk, C. W. W., Yusuf, A. A., & Sole, C. L. (2023). Spatial distribution of Glossina morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zambia: A vehicle-mounted sticky trap survey and Maxent species distribution model. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(7), Article e0011512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011512","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"15355_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1910.11685725","volume":"4","author":"R Newstead","year":"1910","unstructured":"Newstead, R. (1910). On Three New Species of the Genus Glossina, Together with a Description of the Hitherto Unknown Male ofGlossina Grossa, Bigot. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 4(3), 369\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00034983.1910.11685725","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology"},{"key":"15355_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nnko, H. J., Gwakisa, P. S., Ngonyoka, A., Sindato, C., & Estes, A. B. (2021). Potential impacts of climate change on geographical distribution of three primary vectors of African Trypanosomiasis in Tanzania\u2019s Maasai Steppe: G. m. morsitans, G. pallidipes and G. swynnertoni. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(2), e0009081.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009081"},{"issue":"9","key":"15355_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-9-3461-2016","volume":"9","author":"BC O\u2019Neill","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, B. C., Tebaldi, C., van Vuuren, D. P., Eyring, V., Friedlingstein, P., Hurtt, G., et al. (2016). The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(9), 3461\u20133482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/gmd-9-3461-2016","journal-title":"Geoscientific Model Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"15355_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2006.01594.x","volume":"34","author":"RG Pearson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pearson, R. G., Raxworthy, C. J., Nakamura, M., & Townsend Peterson, A. (2007). Predicting species distributions from small numbers of occurrence records: a test case using cryptic geckos in Madagascar. Journal of Biogeography, 34(1), 102\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2006.01594.x","journal-title":"Journal of Biogeography"},{"issue":"1","key":"15355_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.11.008","volume":"213","author":"AT Peterson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peterson, A. T., Pape\u015f, M., & Sober\u00f3n, J. (2008). Rethinking receiver operating characteristic analysis applications in ecological niche modeling. Ecological Modelling, 213(1), 63\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.11.008","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"15355_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026","volume":"190","author":"SJ Phillips","year":"2006","unstructured":"Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P., & Schapire, R. E. (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190(3\u20134), 231\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026","journal-title":"Ecological Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"15355_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1890\/072153.1","volume":"19","author":"SJ Phillips","year":"2009","unstructured":"Phillips, S. J., Dud\u00edk, M., Elith, J., Graham, C. H., Lehmann, A., Leathwick, J., & Ferrier, S. (2009). Sample selection bias and presenceonly distribution models: implications for background and pseudoabsence data. Ecological Applications, 19(1), 181\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/072153.1","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"15355_CR61","unstructured":"Phillips, S. J., Dud\u00edk, M., & Schapire , R. E. (2024). Maxent software for modeling species niches and distributions (version 3.4.4). https:\/\/biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org\/open_source\/maxent. Accessed 10 August 2024"},{"key":"15355_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riahi, K., van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds, J., O\u2019Neill, B. C., Fujimori, S., et al. (2017). The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview. Global Environmental Change, 42(42), 153\u2013168. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959378016300681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2016.10.009"},{"issue":"11","key":"15355_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5336","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4050","volume":"8","author":"N Saarman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saarman, N., Burak, M., Opiro, R., Hyseni, C., Echodu, R., Dion, K., et al. (2018). A spatial genetics approach to inform vector control of tsetse flies (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes ) in Northern Uganda. Ecology and Evolution, 8(11), 5336\u20135354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.4050","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"7","key":"15355_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02549.x","volume":"2","author":"PL Sclater","year":"1858","unstructured":"Sclater, P. L. (1858). On the general Geographical Distribution of the Members of the Class Aves. Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society, 2(7), 130\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02549.x","journal-title":"Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"15355_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biz045","volume":"69","author":"HR Sofaer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sofaer, H. R., Jarnevich, C. S., Pearse, I. S., Smyth, R. L., Auer, S., Cook, G. L., et al. (2019). Development and Delivery of Species Distribution Models to Inform Decision-Making. BioScience, 69(7), 544\u2013557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biosci\/biz045","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"issue":"4857","key":"15355_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3287615","volume":"240","author":"J Swets","year":"1988","unstructured":"Swets, J. (1988). Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science, 240(4857), 1285\u20131293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.3287615","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"15355_CR67","unstructured":"Wallace , A. R. (1876). The geographical distribution of animals (p. 503). London: Mac Millan"},{"issue":"2","key":"15355_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1171.1","volume":"21","author":"DL Warren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Warren, D. L., & Seifert, S. N. (2011). Ecological niche modeling in Maxent: the importance of model complexity and the performance of model selection criteria. Ecological Applications, 21(2), 335\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/10-1171.1","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"key":"15355_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e00948","volume":"22","author":"H Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan, H., He, J., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Zhu, C., & Wu, D. (2020). Gentiana macrophylla response to climate change and vulnerability evaluation in China. Global Ecology and Conservation, 22, e00948\u2013e00948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gecco.2020.e00948","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Conservation"},{"key":"15355_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou, R., Gao, Y., Chang, N., Gao, T., Ma, D., Li, C., & Liu, Q. (2021). Projecting the potential distribution of glossina morsitans (diptera: glossinidae) under climate change using the MaxEnt model. Biology, 10(11), 1150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10111150","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111150"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15355-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15355-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15355-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T11:37:29Z","timestamp":1779449849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15355-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["15355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15355-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have read, understood, and complied as applicable with the statement on the \u201cEthical Responsibilities of Authors\u201d as found in the Instructions for Authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"558"}}