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We monitored six locations along Amstel River and inner canals between May and October 2023 using ultrafiltration sampling and qPCR to quantify\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , four fecal, and three non-fecal pathogens. Spearman\u2019s correlations were conducted to explore relationships between\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , pathogens, water temperature, and rainfall.\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    were consistently detected at all locations (2.1\u20135.2 and 1.7\u20136.4 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u202fcopies\/100\u00a0mL), with higher\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels in inner canals than Amstel River. Human adenovirus appeared in 17 of 36 samples (0.2\u20132.6 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u202fcopies\/100\u00a0mL), most frequently near the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and correlated with rainfall (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), suggesting runoff or effluent influences.\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    were each detected once.\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    was widespread (30\/36 samples, 1.1\u20132.7 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u202fcopies\/100\u00a0mL) without clear temporal or spatial patterns.\n                    <jats:italic>Legionella pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    (14\/36 samples, 2.1\u20133.5 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u202fcopies\/100\u00a0mL) was more abundant near WWTP, indicating potential effluent effects.\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    occurred mainly in inner canals during May (0.3\u20131.8 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u202fcopies\/100\u00a0mL), reflecting seasonal and spatial variability. Besides\n                    <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), no pathogens showed significant correlations with\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , reinforcing its limitations as an indicator for fecal and the non-fecal pathogens in Amsterdam surface water system. Overall, pathogen occurrence showed spatiotemporal variation influenced by potential sources and weather conditions. Future monitoring frameworks should integrate selected fecal and non-fecal pathogens alongside traditional indicators to improve assessments of urban microbial water quality. Incorporating microbial source tracking markers may further enhance source attribution while balancing feasibility and cost.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-026-15653-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:39:36Z","timestamp":1784583576000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal distribution of Escherichia coli and fecal and non-fecal pathogens in the urban surface water system of Amsterdam"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Sha","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"van der Wielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huub","family":"Rijnaarts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolae","family":"\u0218i\u0219canu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"15653_CR1","unstructured":"Becker, E., Ahmed, A., Goris, M., Ruiter, H., Wullings, B. 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