{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:07:14Z","timestamp":1789110434793,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-026-15825-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T02:25:27Z","timestamp":1788402327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantification of trace metal contamination and ecological risks in river sediments of the Himalaya"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Madhuri S.","family":"Rishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakhi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8425-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakhvinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelam","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"15825_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4236\/msa.2010.13021","volume":"1","author":"CI Adamu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adamu, C. I., & Nganje, T. N. (2010). Heavy metal contamination of surface soil in relationship to land use patterns: A case study of Benue State, Nigeria. Materials Sciences and Applications, 1(3), 127\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/msa.2010.13021","journal-title":"Materials Sciences and Applications"},{"issue":"4","key":"15825_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-023-02325-7","volume":"48","author":"M Aggarwal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aggarwal, M., Anbukumar, S., & Kumar, T. V. (2023). Analysis and pollution assessment of heavy metals in suspended solids of the middle stretch of the River Ganga between Kanpur and Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. India. S\u0101dhan\u0101, 48(4), 257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12046-023-02325-7","journal-title":"India. S\u0101dhan\u0101"},{"issue":"4","key":"15825_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s12647-024-00771-0","volume":"39","author":"M Aggarwal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aggarwal, M., Anbukumar, S., & Vijaya Kumar, T. (2024). Measurement of heavy metals content in suspended sediment of the Ganges River using atomic absorption spectrometry. Mapan, 39(4), 913\u2013930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12647-024-00771-0","journal-title":"Mapan"},{"issue":"3","key":"15825_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2025.027","volume":"25","author":"M Aggarwal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aggarwal, M., Anbukumar, S., & Vijaya Kumar, T. (2025). Assessment of pollution risks posed by trace elements in the riverbed sediment of the Ganges River in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Water Supply, 25(3), 628\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/ws.2025.027","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"issue":"1","key":"15825_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2006.07.006","volume":"93","author":"S Albanese","year":"2007","unstructured":"Albanese, S., De Vivo, B., Lima, A., & Cicchella, D. (2007). Geochemical background and baseline values of toxic elements in stream sediments of the Campania region (Italy). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 93(1), 21\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2006.07.006","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"key":"15825_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.259","volume":"616","author":"AE Ali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ali, A. E., Strezov, V., Davies, P. J., & Wright, I. (2018). River sediment quality assessment using sediment quality indices for the Sydney Basin, Australia affected by coal and coal seam gas mining. Science of the Total Environment, 616, 695\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.259","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"15825_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alloway, B. J. (Ed.). (2012). Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability. Springer Science & Business Media. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-4470-7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4470-7"},{"key":"15825_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4470-7_2","volume-title":"Trace metals in soils","author":"BJ Alloway","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alloway, B. J. (2013). Sources of trace metals and metalloids in soils. In B. J. Alloway (Ed.), Trace metals in soils (pp. 11\u201350). Springer Netherlands. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-4470-7_2"},{"issue":"3","key":"15825_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s40003-024-00720-y","volume":"13","author":"T Banerjee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Banerjee, T., Kumar, V., Sarkar, D. J., Roy, S., Jana, C., Behera, B. K., & Das, B. K. (2024). Potentially toxic elements: Distribution, ecological risk assessment, and source identification in a Himalayan lake in India. Agricultural Research, 13(3), 529\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40003-024-00720-y","journal-title":"Agricultural Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"15825_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4355","volume":"43","author":"B Barman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barman, B., Kumar, B., & Sarma, A. K. (2018). Turbulent flow structures and geomorphic characteristics of a mining-affected alluvial channel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 43(9), 1811\u20131824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp.4355","journal-title":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms"},{"key":"15825_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.02.013","volume":"95","author":"G Bartoli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bartoli, G., Papa, S., Sagnella, E., & Fioretto, A. (2012). Heavy metal content in sediments along the Calore River: Relationships with physicochemical characteristics. Journal of Environmental Management, 95, S9\u2013S14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.02.013","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"15825_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.107","volume":"626","author":"A Benabdelkader","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benabdelkader, A., Taleb, A., Probst, J. L., Belaidi, N., & Probst, A. (2018). Anthropogenic contribution and influencing factors on metal features in fluvial sediments from a semi-arid Mediterranean river basin (Tafna River, Algeria): A multi-indices approach. Science of the Total Environment, 626, 899\u2013914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.107","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"15825_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.09.056","volume":"48","author":"KE Borne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Borne, K. E., Fassman-Beck, E. A., & Tanner, C. C. (2014). Floating treatment wetland influences on the fate of metals in road runoff retention ponds. Water Research, 48, 430\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2013.09.056","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"15825_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2005.02.001","volume":"5","author":"S Caeiro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Caeiro, S., Costa, M. H., Ramos, T. B., Fernandes, F., Silveira, N., Coimbra, A., & Painho, M. (2005). Assessing heavy metal contamination in Sado Estuary sediment: An index analysis approach. Ecological Indicators, 5(2), 151\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2005.02.001","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"issue":"1","key":"15825_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tqem.22290","volume":"34","author":"MDA Chowdhury","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M. D. A., Billah, T., Rahman, M. R., Bakri, M. K. B., Barua, S., Morshed, A. J. M., & Uddin, M. M. (2024). Evaluation of water quality indexes and heavy metal pollution indexes of different industrial effluents and Karnaphuli river water in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Environmental Quality Management, 34(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tqem.22290","journal-title":"Environmental Quality Management"},{"key":"15825_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2014.11.009","volume":"154","author":"D Cicchella","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cicchella, D., Giaccio, L., Dinelli, E., Albanese, S., Lima, A., Zuzolo, D., & De Vivo, B. (2015). GEMAS: Spatial distribution of chemical elements in agricultural and grazing land soil of Italy. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 154, 129\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2014.11.009","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"key":"15825_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connor, J. J., & Schaklette, H. T. (1975). Background Geochemistry of Some Rocks. Soils, Plants, and Vegetables in the Conterminous United States.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp574F"},{"key":"15825_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Connor, J. J., Shacklette, H. T., Ebens, R. J., Erdman, J. A., Miesch, A. T., Tidball, R. R., & Tourtelot, H. A. (1975). Background geochemistry of some rocks, soils, plants, and vegetables in the conterminous United States, with sections on field studies (No. 574-F). U.S. Geological Survey. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3133\/pp574F. Accessed 7 June 2026.","DOI":"10.3133\/pp574F"},{"key":"15825_CR19","unstructured":"Department of Mining & Geology, Himachal Pradesh. (2020). Riverbed mining lease & monitoring records. https:\/\/emerginghimachal.hp.gov.in\/miningstone\/. Accessed 7 June 2026."},{"issue":"12","key":"15825_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.06.024","volume":"91","author":"R Devesa-Rey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Devesa-Rey, R., D\u00edaz-Fierros, F., & Barral, M. T. (2010). Trace metals in river bed sediments: An assessment of their partitioning and bioavailability using multivariate exploratory analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(12), 2471\u20132477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.06.024","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"15825_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-0710-2_15","volume-title":"Role of Science and Technology for Sustainable Future: Volume 1: Sustainable Development: A Primary Goal","author":"S Dhar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhar, S., Rai, S. K., Kumar, A., & Kumar, D. (2024). Recession and development of moraine-dammed lakes in the Chandra Basin of Great Himalayan Range, district Lahaul and Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, India. Role of Science and Technology for Sustainable Future: Volume 1: Sustainable Development: A Primary Goal (pp. 223\u2013241). Springer Nature Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-97-0710-2_15"},{"key":"15825_CR22","unstructured":"District Survey Report (DSR), Kangra District. (2024). Department of Industries & Mining, Government of Himachal Pradesh. https:\/\/dest.hp.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/DSR%20Kangra_1.pdf. Accessed 7 June 2026."},{"key":"15825_CR23","unstructured":"District Survey Report (DSR), Kullu District. (2024). Department of Industries & Mining, Government of Himachal Pradesh. https:\/\/dest.hp.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/DSR%20KULLU_1.pdf. Accessed 7 June 2026."},{"key":"15825_CR24","unstructured":"District Survey Report (DSR), Lahaul & Spiti District. (2024). Department of Industries & Mining, Government of Himachal Pradesh. https:\/\/dest.hp.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/DSR%20Lahaul-Spiti.pdf. Accessed 7 June 2026."},{"key":"15825_CR25","unstructured":"District Survey Report (DSR), Mandi District. (2024). Department of Industries & Mining, Government of Himachal Pradesh. https:\/\/dest.hp.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/DSR%20MANDI_0.pdf. Accessed 7 June 2026."},{"key":"15825_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, W., Liu, X., Liu, Z., & Li, G. (2010). Pollution and potential ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in the sediments around Dongjiang Harbor, Tianjin. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2, 729\u2013736.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2010.10.084"},{"issue":"8","key":"15825_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2023.2299948","volume":"105","author":"D Gupta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gupta, D., Shukla, R., & Mishra, V. K. (2025). Heavy metal distribution, fractionation, metal pollution, and environmental risk assessment in surface sediment of the Narmada River, India. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 105(8), 1881\u20131902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03067319.2023.2299948","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"15825_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0455-3","volume":"3","author":"CR Hackney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hackney, C. R., Darby, S. E., Parsons, D. R., Leyland, J., Best, J. L., Aalto, R., & Houseago, R. C. (2020). River bank instability from unsustainable sand mining in the lower Mekong River. Nature Sustainability, 3(3), 217\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41893-019-0455-3","journal-title":"Nature Sustainability"},{"key":"15825_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(80)90143-8","volume":"14","author":"L H\u00e5kanson","year":"1980","unstructured":"H\u00e5kanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14, 975\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0043-1354(80)90143-8","journal-title":"Water Research"},{"key":"15825_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2016.02.006","volume":"162","author":"N Hanif","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanif, N., Eqani, S. A. M. A. S., Ali, S. M., Cincinelli, A., Ali, N., Katsoyiannis, I. A., & Bokhari, H. (2016). Geo-accumulation and enrichment of trace metals in sediments and their associated risks in the Chenab River, Pakistan. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 162, 62\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2016.02.006","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"issue":"3","key":"15825_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1986.tb01889.x","volume":"22","author":"BH Heede","year":"1986","unstructured":"Heede, B. H. (1986). Designing for dynamic equilibrium in streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 22(3), 351\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1752-1688.1986.tb01889.x","journal-title":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"15825_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5286","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)19621-0","volume":"7","author":"D Hong-gui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hong-gui, D., Teng-Feng, G., Ming-hui, L., & Xu, D. (2012). Comprehensive assessment model on heavy metal pollution in soil. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7(6), 5286\u20135296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)19621-0","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrochemical Science"},{"key":"15825_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(90)90049-Z","volume":"95","author":"PK Jha","year":"1990","unstructured":"Jha, P. K., Subramanian, V., Sitasawad, R., & Van Grieken, R. (1990). Trace metals in sediments of the Yamuna River (a tributary of the Ganges), India. Science of the Total Environment, 95, 7\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0048-9697(90)90049-Z","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"15825_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.10.012","volume":"101","author":"SA Kadhum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kadhum, S. A., Ishak, M. Y., Zulkifli, S. Z., & Hashim, R. B. (2015). Evaluation of the status and distribution of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments of the Langat River Basin in Selangor, Malaysia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101(1), 391\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.10.012","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"15825_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-13566-2","volume":"197","author":"B Kaphle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaphle, B., Wang, J., Ju, J., L\u00fc, X., Kai, J., Clarke, L., & Paudayal, K. N. (2024). Environmental risk assessment of surface sediments based on trace element analysis from the largest freshwater lake on the southern slope of the Himalaya. Nepal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(1), 97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-024-13566-2","journal-title":"Nepal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"15825_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08832-y","volume":"193","author":"L Kaur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaur, L., Rishi, M. S., & Arora, N. K. (2021). Deciphering pollution vulnerability zones of River Yamuna in relation to existing land use land cover in Panipat, Haryana, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-020-08832-y","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"15825_CR37","unstructured":"King, J. M., Scheepers, A. C. T., Fisher, R. C., Reinecke, M. K., & Smith, L. B. (2003). River rehabilitation: literature review, case studies and emerging principles. Water Research Commission report, 1161(1), 03, South Africa. Retrieved June 7, 2026, from https:\/\/www.wrc.org.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/mdocs\/1161-1-031.pdf accessed on 6th June 2026."},{"key":"15825_CR38","unstructured":"Kloke, A. (1979, August). Contents of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, fluorine, lead, mercury and nickel in plants grown on contaminated soil. In UN-ECE Symposium, Geneva (pp. 51-53)."},{"issue":"3","key":"15825_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3586","volume":"36","author":"L Koehnken","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koehnken, L., Rintoul, M. S., Goichot, M., Tickner, D., Loftus, A. C., & Acreman, M. C. (2020). Impacts of riverine sand mining on freshwater ecosystems: A review of scientific evidence and guidance for future research. River Research and Applications, 36(3), 362\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rra.3586","journal-title":"River Research and Applications"},{"key":"15825_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.08.053","volume":"218","author":"J Kowalska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kowalska, J., Mazurek, R., G\u0105siorek, M., Setlak, M., Zaleski, T., & Waroszewski, J. (2016). Soil pollution indices conditioned by medieval metallurgical activity: A case study from Krakow (Poland). Environmental Pollution, 218, 1023\u20131036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.08.053","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"6","key":"15825_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-018-0106-z","volume":"40","author":"JB Kowalska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kowalska, J. B., Mazurek, R., G\u0105siorek, M., & Zaleski, T. (2018). Pollution indices as useful tools for comprehensive evaluation of soil contamination: A review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(6), 2395\u20132420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-018-0106-z","journal-title":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"15825_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100394","volume":"11","author":"S Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Ajay, K., Behera, D., Yaseen, A., Karthick, B., Prasad, S., & Anoop, A. (2025). Co-occurrence of microplastics and heavy metals in a freshwater lake system in the Indian Himalaya: Distribution and influencing factors. Emerging Contaminants, 11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100394","journal-title":"Emerging Contaminants"},{"issue":"5","key":"15825_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(99)00072-4","volume":"15","author":"X Li","year":"2000","unstructured":"Li, X., Wai, O. W., Li, Y. S., Coles, B. J., Ramsey, M. H., & Thornton, I. (2000). Heavy metal distribution in sediment profiles of the Pearl River estuary, South China. Applied Geochemistry, 15(5), 567\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0883-2927(99)00072-4","journal-title":"Applied Geochemistry"},{"key":"15825_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136779","volume":"714","author":"R Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, R., Tang, X., Guo, W., Lin, L., Zhao, L., Hu, Y., & Liu, M. (2020). Spatiotemporal distribution dynamics of trace metals in water, sediment, and zoobenthos in mainstream sections of the middle and lower Changjiang River. Science of the Total Environment, 714,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136779","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"15825_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.11.044","volume":"210","author":"R Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, R., Wang, M., Chen, W., & Peng, C. (2016). Spatial pattern of trace metal accumulation risk in urban soils of Beijing and its influencing factors. Environmental Pollution, 210, 174\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.11.044","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"15825_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02472006","volume":"19","author":"ER Long","year":"1995","unstructured":"Long, E. R., MacDonald, D. D., Smith, L., & Calder, F. D. (1995). Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Management, 19, 81\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02472006","journal-title":"Environmental Management"},{"key":"15825_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, E. R., Field, L. J., & MacDonald, D. D. (1998). Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17(4), 714\u2013727.","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170428"},{"issue":"1","key":"15825_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s002440010075","volume":"39","author":"DD MacDonald","year":"2000","unstructured":"MacDonald, D. D., Ingersoll, C. G., & Berger, T. A. (2000). Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 39(1), 20\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002440010075","journal-title":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology"},{"key":"15825_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-46747-9_6","volume-title":"Industrial waste engineering","author":"MI Mansor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mansor, M. I., Fatehah, M. O., Aziz, H. A., & Wang, L. K. (2024). Occurrence, behaviour, and transport of heavy metals from industries in river catchments. Industrial waste engineering (pp. 205\u2013277). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-46747-9_6"},{"key":"15825_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maurya, S. K., Singh, V., Chand, K., & Mishra, P. K. (2024). Assessment of soil erosion in the Beas Valley, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh: A study of the Western Himalayan landscape, Northern India. Soil Science Annual, 75(1) .https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37501\/soilsa\/185558","DOI":"10.37501\/soilsa\/185558"},{"key":"15825_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.10.126","volume":"168","author":"R Mazurek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mazurek, R., Kowalska, J., G\u0105siorek, M., Zadro\u017cny, P., J\u00f3zefowska, A., Zaleski, T., & Or\u0142owska, K. (2017). Assessment of trace metal contamination in surface layers of Roztocze National Park forest soils (SE Poland) using pollution indices. Chemosphere, 168, 839\u2013850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.10.126","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"15825_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.086","volume":"631","author":"X Meng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meng, X., Jiang, X., Li, Z., Wang, J., Cooper, K. M., & Xie, Z. (2018). Responses of macroinvertebrates and local environment to short-term commercial sand dredging practices in a floodplain lake. Science of the Total Environment, 631, 1350\u20131359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.086","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"15825_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.01.010","volume":"378","author":"C Mic\u00f3","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mic\u00f3, C., Peris, M., Recatal\u00e1, L., & S\u00e1nchez, J. (2007). Baseline values for trace metals in agricultural soils in a European Mediterranean region. Science of the Total Environment, 378(1\u20132), 13\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.01.010","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"15825_CR54","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). (2016). Sustainable sand mining management guidelines. Government of India, New Delhi. https:\/\/www.ielrc.org\/content\/e2025.pdf. Accessed 7 June 2026."},{"key":"15825_CR55","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). (2020). Enforcement & monitoring guidelines for sand mining. Government of India, New Delhi. https:\/\/www.indiawaterportal.org\/articles\/monitoring-guidelines-sand-mining-released. Accessed 7 June 2026."},{"key":"15825_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohanty, C., Kumar, V., Bisoi, S., M, A. S. J., Das, P. K., Farzana, & Gangwar, S. P. (2024). Ecological implications of chromium-contaminated effluents from Indian tanneries and their phytoremediation: A sustainable approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(10), 995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-024-13122-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-13122-y"},{"issue":"5","key":"15825_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-020-00785-y","volume":"43","author":"S Mondal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mondal, S., & Singh, G. (2021). Pollution evaluation, human health effects, and source tracing of trace elements in road dust of Dhanbad, a highly polluted industrial coal belt of India. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 43(5), 2081\u20132103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-020-00785-y","journal-title":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health"},{"key":"15825_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.10.097","volume":"443","author":"C Muellegger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Muellegger, C., Weilhartner, A., Battin, T. J., & Hofmann, T. (2013). Positive and negative impacts of five Austrian gravel pit lakes on groundwater quality. Science of the Total Environment, 443, 14\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.10.097","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"15825_CR59","unstructured":"Muller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. Geo Journal, 2(3), 108\u2013118. SID. https:\/\/sid.ir\/paper\/618491\/en"},{"key":"15825_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115543","volume":"319","author":"MM Nabuyanda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nabuyanda, M. M., Kelderman, P., Sankura, M. G., Rousseau, D., & Irvine, K. (2022). Investigating the effect of Eh and pH on binding forms of Co, Cu, and Pb in wetland sediments from Zambia. Journal of Environmental Management, 319,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115543","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"15825_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Negi, R., Rana, N., Sati, S. P., Shukla, A., Juyal, N., & Sharma, S. (2024). Beas River floods 2023: Watershed moment for paradigm shift towards urbanization and development in the higher Himalayan valleys. Current Science, 127(1), 65\u201377.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18520\/cs\/v127\/i1\/65-77","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v127\/i1\/65-77"},{"key":"15825_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9144-1","volume-title":"Sand mining: Environmental impacts and selected case studies","author":"D Padmalal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Padmalal, D., & Maya, K. (2014). Sand Mining: Environmental Impacts and Selected Case Studies. Springer, Cham."},{"key":"15825_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-025-04091-x","author":"RR Pant","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pant, R. R., Zhang, F., Qaiser, F. U. R., Varol, M., Adhikari, D., Wang, G., & Bishwakarma, K. (2025). Trace elements in fluvial sediments of the Gandaki River Basin, Central Himalaya, Nepal: Distribution, sources, and risk assessment. Journal of Soils and Sediments. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11368-025-04091-x","journal-title":"Journal of Soils and Sediments"},{"key":"15825_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pejman, A., Bidhendi, G. N., Ardestani, M., Saeedi, M., & Baghvand, A. (2015). A new index for assessing heavy metals contamination in sediments: A case study. Ecological indicators, 58, 365\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.06.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.06.012"},{"key":"15825_CR65","unstructured":"Persaud, D., Jaagumagi, R., & Hayton, A. (1993). Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy. https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/guidelinesforpro00persuoft. Accessed 7 June 2026."},{"issue":"3","key":"15825_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0705(08)60042-4","volume":"19","author":"G Qingjie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Qingjie, G., Jun, D., Yunchuan, X., Qingfei, W., & Liqiang, Y. (2008). Calculating pollution indices by heavy metals in ecological geochemistry assessment and a case study in parks of Beijing. Journal of China university of geosciences, 19(3), 230\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1002-0705(08)60042-4","journal-title":"Journal of China university of geosciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"15825_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44304-024-00051-6","volume":"2","author":"L Quick","year":"2025","unstructured":"Quick, L., Williams, R. D., Boothroyd, R. J., Hoey, T. B., Tolentino, P. L. M., MacDonell, C., & David, C. P. C. (2025). Confined and mined: Anthropogenic river modification as a driver of flood risk change. Npj Natural Hazards, 2(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44304-024-00051-6","journal-title":"Npj Natural Hazards"},{"key":"15825_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enceco.2021.10.001","volume":"4","author":"MS Rahman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahman, M. S., Ahmed, Z., Seefat, S. M., Alam, R., Islam, A. R. M. T., Choudhury, T. R., & Idris, A. M. (2022). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment at the newly established tannery industrial estate in Bangladesh: A case study. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 4, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enceco.2021.10.001","journal-title":"Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology"},{"issue":"11","key":"15825_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7467","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-018-2081-4","volume":"16","author":"H Rajkumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajkumar, H., Naik, P. K., & Rishi, M. S. (2019). Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in soil using geochemical indexing approaches and chemometric techniques. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(11), 7467\u20137486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13762-018-2081-4","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology"},{"key":"15825_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105428","volume":"251","author":"B Rawat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rawat, B., Zhang, Q., Sharma, C. M., Tripathee, L., Pandey, A., Kandel, K., & Kang, S. (2021). Glacial record of trace metal pollution over the Central Himalayas and its surroundings: Distribution, variation, and anthropogenic signals. Atmospheric Research, 251,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosres.2020.105428","journal-title":"Atmospheric Research"},{"key":"15825_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2017.01.021","volume":"88","author":"C Reimann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reimann, C., Fabian, K., Birke, M., Filzmoser, P., Demetriades, A., N\u00e9grel, P., & Anderson, M. (2018). GEMAS: Establishing geochemical background and threshold for 53 chemical elements in European agricultural soil. Applied Geochemistry, 88, 302\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2017.01.021","journal-title":"Applied Geochemistry"},{"key":"15825_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-2688-2_3","volume-title":"Flood risk management: Assessment and strategy","author":"G Rongali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rongali, G., Tiwari, K. C., & Vishwas, P. (2024). Mapping of glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst flood in Lahul and Spiti district using remote sensing and GIS. Flood risk management: Assessment and strategy (pp. 49\u201368). Springer Nature Singapore. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-97-2688-2_3"},{"key":"15825_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10822","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-06915-z","volume":"27","author":"AU Siddiqui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siddiqui, A. U., Jain, M. K., & Masto, R. E. (2020). Pollution evaluation, spatial distribution, and source apportionment of trace metals around coal mine soils: A case study of eastern India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 10822\u201310834. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-019-06915-z","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"15825_CR74","unstructured":"Sidhu, N., Rishi, M. S., & Singh, R. (2017). Geo-accumulation index and enrichment factor of trace metals in urban soils irrigated by highly contaminated wastewater in Chandigarh and adjacent areas, India. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 19(3), 298. https:\/\/indianjournals.com\/article\/jag-19-3-007. Accessed 11 July 2026."},{"key":"15825_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2024.107389","volume":"258","author":"N Sidhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sidhu, N., Kaur, L., Rishi, M. S., Din, S. N. U., Tewari, K., & Singh, P. (2024). Integrating multivariate hydrogeochemical analysis with human health risk assessment: An inverse geochemical and statistical modeling approach. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 258,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2024.107389","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"key":"15825_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sinha, R., Akuria, M., Mishra, K., & Sarkar, D. (2025). River sand mining: A developing geohazard in the Himalaya. In: Ghosh, S. (Ed.), The Himalaya Dilemma. Springer Natural Hazards, pp. 629\u2013660. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-95083-4_22. Accessed 11 March 2026.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-95083-4_22"},{"key":"15825_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.06.027","volume":"84","author":"G Suresh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suresh, G., Sutharsan, P., Ramasamy, V., & Venkatachalapathy, R. (2012). Assessment of spatial distribution and ecological risk of trace metals in relation to granulometric content of Veeranam Lake sediments, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84, 117\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2012.06.027","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"issue":"1","key":"15825_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43832-024-00120-x","volume":"4","author":"AF Tiabou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tiabou, A. F., Takem-Agbor, A. A., Yiika, L. P., Eseya Mengu, E., Kachoueiyan, F., & Agyingi, C. M. (2024). Distribution, source apportionment, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Limbe River sediments, Atlantic Coast, Cameroon Volcanic Line. Discover Water, 4(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43832-024-00120-x","journal-title":"Discover Water"},{"issue":"2","key":"15825_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2","volume":"72","author":"KK Turekian","year":"1961","unstructured":"Turekian, K. K., & Wedepohl, K. H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth\u2019s crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72(2), 175\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/0016-7606(1961)72[175:DOTEIS]2.0.CO;2","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Bulletin"},{"key":"15825_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135026","volume":"711","author":"J Unda-Calvo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unda-Calvo, J., Ruiz-Romera, E., Mart\u00ednez-Santos, M., Vidal, M., & Antig\u00fcedad, I. (2020). Multivariate statistical analyses for water and sediment quality index development: A study of susceptibility in an urban river. Science of the Total Environment, 711,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135026","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"15825_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2011.11.011","volume":"92","author":"M Varol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Varol, M., & \u015een, B. (2012). Assessment of nutrient and heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments of the upper Tigris River, Turkey. CATENA, 92, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.catena.2011.11.011","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"15825_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114144","volume":"246","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Liang, L., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, F., Xu, F., & Zhang, T. (2022). The impact of river sand mining on remobilization of lead and cadmium in sediments: A case study of the Jialing River. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 246,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114144","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"key":"15825_CR83","first-page":"160","volume":"6","author":"PJ Whiting","year":"1998","unstructured":"Whiting, P. J. (1998). Floodplain maintenance flows. Rivers, 6, 160\u2013170.","journal-title":"Rivers"},{"issue":"2","key":"15825_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s42108-024-00302-2","volume":"9","author":"AK Yadav","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yadav, A. K., & Kumar, N. (2025). Geospatial distribution and health assessment of a perennial river with special reference to heavy metals. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 9(2), 987\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42108-024-00302-2","journal-title":"International Journal of Energy and Water Resources"},{"key":"15825_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2020.106524","volume":"213","author":"D Zuzolo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zuzolo, D., Cicchella, D., Lima, A., Guagliardi, I., Cerino, P., Pizzolante, A., & Albanese, S. (2020). Potentially toxic elements in soils of the Campania region (Southern Italy): Combining raw and compositional data. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 213,. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2020.106524","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15825-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15825-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15825-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T06:32:27Z","timestamp":1789108347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15825-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["15825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15825-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This is not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. We declare that this research work is original, unpublished, and accurately reported without fabrication or plagiarism.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This is not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any other individual person\u2019s\/other party\u2019s data in any form.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1030"}}