{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T07:06:50Z","timestamp":1789110410121,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005285","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Goi\u00e1s","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica De Goi\u00e1s"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used in agricultural systems, raising concerns about its potential genotoxic effects on non-target organisms. This cross-sectional observational field study evaluated nuclear abnormalities in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells from 36 grazing cattle maintained on a farm where 2,4-D was routinely used in Goi\u00e1s, Brazil, and investigated their relationship with physiological variables, including rectal temperature, body weight, and body condition score (BCS). A total of 1,000 cells per animal (36,000 cells) were analyzed to quantify micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities. Statistical analyses included the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test, Mann\u2013Whitney test, rank-biserial correlation, Spearman correlation, Benjamini\u2013Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons, and multivariable Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Overall, low frequencies of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities were observed. Although nominal associations were identified in the unadjusted analyses, none remained statistically significant after Benjamini\u2013Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. In the multivariable Poisson regression model, body condition score remained inversely associated with micronucleus frequency (incidence rate ratio\u2009=\u20090.274; 95% confidence interval: 0.128\u20130.587;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009&lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that physiological status may contribute to variation in cytological biomarkers under field conditions. Because individual exposure to 2,4-D was not directly measured and no untreated control group was included, the findings should be interpreted as exploratory. This study contributes to the use of cattle as sentinel organisms in environmental biomonitoring and reinforces the need for future studies incorporating direct exposure assessment and complementary biomarkers within the One Health framework.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-026-15851-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T02:56:05Z","timestamp":1787540165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of nuclear abnormalities in buccal mucosa cells of grazing cattle from pastures routinely treated with 2,4-D: an exploratory field study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4682-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cimara Sales","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1299-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Carneiro","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Ferreira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iasmim Adelardo","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreia dos Santos","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiana M\u00edrian da Cruz e","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0753-3814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aparecido Divino","family":"da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4736-945X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex Silva","family":"da Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"15851_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almeida, J. V. N., Marques, L. R., Marques, T. C., Guimar\u00e3es, K. C., & Le\u00e3o, K. M. (2020). Influence of thermal stress on the productive and reproductive aspects of cattle \u2013 Review. Research, Society and Development, 9(7), e230973837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33448\/rsd-v9i7.3837","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v9i7.3837"},{"key":"15851_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2015.04.004","volume":"72","author":"RP Araldi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Araldi, R. P., Melo, T. C., Mendes, T. B., S\u00e1 J\u00fanior, P. L., Nozima, B. H. N., Ito, E. T., Carvalho, R. F., Souza, E. B., & Stocco, R. C. (2015). Using the comet and micronucleus assays for genotoxicity studies: A review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 72, 74\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2015.04.004","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"15851_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/fes3.108","volume":"6","author":"FP Carvalho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carvalho, F. P. (2017). Pesticides, environment, and food safety. Food and Energy Security, 6(2), 48\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fes3.108","journal-title":"Food and Energy Security"},{"key":"15851_CR4","unstructured":"EPA (2023). 2,4-D registration review. United States Environmental Protection Agency. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ingredients-used-pesticide-products\/24-d"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"15851_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(00)00065-8","volume":"455","author":"M Fenech","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fenech, M. (2000). The in vitro micronucleus technique. Mutation Research\/fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 455(1\u20132), 81\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0027-5107(00)00065-8","journal-title":"Mutation Research\/fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis"},{"key":"15851_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9, D. M., Carracedo, R. T., Pedrosa, A., Caliri, M. N., Ludue\u00f1a, H. R., & Gorla, N. B. (2024). Los bovinos dom\u00e9sticos como potenciales bioindicadores ambientales: an\u00e1lisis del epitelio oral y aplicaci\u00f3n en el ensayo de micron\u00facleos. Veterinaria, 35(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30972\/vet.3527859","DOI":"10.30972\/vet.3527859"},{"issue":"2","key":"15851_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1860","volume":"66","author":"K Grossmann","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grossmann, K. (2009). Auxin herbicides: Current status of mechanism and mode of action. Pest Management Science, 66(2), 113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ps.1860","journal-title":"Pest Management Science"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"15851_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2008.03.007","volume":"659","author":"N Holland","year":"2008","unstructured":"Holland, N., Bolognesi, C., Kirsch-Volders, M., Bonassi, S., Zeiger, E., Knasmueller, S., & Fenech, M. (2008). The micronucleus assay in human buccal cells as a tool for biomonitoring DNA damage: The HUMN project perspective on current status and knowledge gaps. Mutation Research\/reviews in Mutation Research, 659(1\u20132), 93\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mrrev.2008.03.007","journal-title":"Mutation Research\/reviews in Mutation Research"},{"key":"15851_CR9","unstructured":"IARC (2017). Some organophosphate insecticides and herbicides. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (Vol. 112). International Agency for Research on Cancer. https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/Book-And-Report-Series\/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans\/Some-Organophosphate-Insecticides-And-Herbicides-2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"15851_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010071","volume":"11","author":"M Idris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Idris, M., Uddin, J., Sullivan, M., McNeill, D. M., & Phillips, C. J. C. (2021). Non-invasive physiological indicators of heat stress in cattle. Animals, 11(1), 71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani11010071","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"15851_CR11","unstructured":"Meneses de Ara\u00fajo, D. M., Costa, K. L., & Batista, N. J. C. (2018). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da frequ\u00eancia basal de micron\u00facleos em c\u00e9lulas basais da mucosa bucal em pacientes com c\u00e2ncer bucal: revis\u00e3o integrativa. Brazilian Journal of Surgery and Clinical Research, 22(3), 41\u201347. https:\/\/www.mastereditora.com.br\/periodico\/20180504_110412.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"15851_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1614\/WT-D-15-00131.1","volume":"30","author":"MA Peterson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Peterson, M. A., McMaster, S. A., Riechers, D. E., Skelton, J., & Stahlman, P. W. (2016). 2,4-D past, present, and future: A review. Weed Technology, 30(2), 303\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1614\/WT-D-15-00131.1","journal-title":"Weed Technology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15851-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15851-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15851-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T06:32:24Z","timestamp":1789108344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15851-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["15851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15851-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) of the Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Goi\u00e1s under protocol number 8705240423.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that this work is original, has not been published previously, is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and complies with the ethical standards of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on \u201cEthical responsibilities of Authors\u201d as found in the Instructions for Authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical responsibilities of authors","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"976"}}