{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:57:52Z","timestamp":1791457072407,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-026-15932-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:07:32Z","timestamp":1790600852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterisation of copper mine tailings for environmental stability from the Copperbelt Province, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Misozi","family":"Makangila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth K.","family":"Maseka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yotamu R. S.","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Harimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"246","key":"15932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7408-1","volume":"191","author":"N Adimalla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adimalla, N., Qian, H., & Wang, H. (2019). Assessment of heavy metal (HM) contamination in agricultural soil lands in northern Telangana, India: An approach of spatial distribution and multivariate statistical analysis. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(246), 2\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-019-7408-1","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"15932_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126477","volume":"295","author":"A Akhavan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akhavan, A., & Golchin, A. (2021). Estimation of arsenic leaching from Zn\u2013Pb mine tailings under environmental conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295, Article 126477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126477","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"15932_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.10.021","volume":"364","author":"SR Al-Abed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Abed, S. R., Hageman, P. L., Jegadeesan, G., Madhavan, N., & Allen, D. (2006). Comparative evaluation of short-term leach tests for heavy metal release from mineral processing waste. Science of the Total Environment, 364(1\u20133), 14\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.10.021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"11","key":"15932_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.12.064","volume":"78","author":"M Anju","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anju, M., & Banerjee, D. (2010). Comparison of two sequential extraction procedures for heavy metal partitioning in mine tailings. Chemosphere, 78(11), 1393\u20131402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.12.064","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"15932_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2002.5810","volume":"31","author":"C Appel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Appel, C., & Ma, L. (2002). Concentration, pH, and surface charge effects on cadmium and lead sorption in three tropical soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31(2), 581\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/jeq2002.5810","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Quality"},{"key":"15932_CR6","unstructured":"ASTM. (2014). Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer (ASTM D854 - 14) (ASTM D854 - 14). https:\/\/tajhizkala.ir\/doc\/ASTM\/D854-14.pdf"},{"key":"15932_CR7","unstructured":"Ayres, B., & O\u2019Kane, M. (2013). Mine waste cover systems: An international perspective and applications for mine closure in New Zealand. AusIMM New Zealand Branch Annual Conference, Nelson ed., New Zealand,"},{"key":"15932_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, H. A., Adlan, M.N., Sufflan, Y.M., Umar, M. (2012). Quantification of leachate generation rate from a semi-aerobic landfill in Malaysia. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal (EEMJ), 11(9), 1581\u20131585. http:\/\/omicron.ch.tuiasi.ro\/EEMJ\/","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2012.198"},{"issue":"3","key":"15932_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2012.01450.x","volume":"63","author":"N Barrow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barrow, N., Br\u00fcmmer, G., & Fischer, L. (2012). Rate of desorption of eight heavy metals from goethite and its implications for understanding the pathways for penetration. European Journal of Soil Science, 63(3), 389\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2012.01450.x","journal-title":"European Journal of Soil Science"},{"key":"15932_CR10","unstructured":"Barton, B. (2025). The ownership of mine tailings. UBC Law Review, 58(1). https:\/\/commons.allard.ubc.ca\/ubclawreview\/vol58\/iss1\/1"},{"issue":"12","key":"15932_CR11","first-page":"65","volume":"3","author":"R Bhanbhro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhanbhro, R., Knutsson, R., Rodriguez, J., Edesk\u00e4r, T., & Knutsson, S. (2013). Basic description of tailings from Aitik focusing on mechanical behavior. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(12), 65\u201369.","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering"},{"key":"15932_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bhanbhro, R., Rodriguez, J., Edesk\u00e4r, T., & Knutsson, S. (2015). Evaluation of primary and secondary deformations and particle breakage of tailings. In D. a. S. Manzanal, A.O. (Ed.), From fundamentals to applications in geotechnics (pp. 2481\u20132488). IOS Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/978-1-61499-603-3-2481","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-61499-603-3-2481"},{"issue":"5","key":"15932_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min12050586","volume":"12","author":"M Bilal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bilal, M., Park, I., Hornn, V., Ito, M., Hassan, F. U., Jeon, S., & Hiroyoshi, N. (2022). The challenges and prospects of recovering fine copper sulfides from tailings using different flotation techniques: A review. Minerals, 12(5), Article 586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min12050586","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2004.04.005","volume":"277","author":"HB Bradl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bradl, H. B. (2004). Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 277(1), 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2004.04.005","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"},{"key":"15932_CR15","unstructured":"Carlsson, E. (2000). Geochemical effects of soil cover remediation on sulphide-rich tailings at the Kristineberg mine, Northern Sweden [Thesis, Lulea\u02da Univ. of Technol., Sweden]."},{"key":"15932_CR16","unstructured":"CCME. (2007). Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Environmental and Human Health. Retrieved from https:\/\/support.esdat.net\/Environmental%20Standards\/canada\/soil\/rev_soil_summary_tbl_7.0_e.pdf"},{"key":"15932_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-019-00921-0","volume":"31","author":"MN Chileshe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chileshe, M. N., Syampungani, S., Festin, E. S., Tigabu, M., Daneshvar, A., & Od\u00e9n, P. C. (2020). Physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of copper mine wastes in Zambia: Implications for pollution risk and restoration. Journal of Forestry Research, 31, 1283\u20131293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11676-019-00921-0","journal-title":"Journal of Forestry Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"15932_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2023.142006","volume":"14","author":"H Chiyangi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiyangi, H., Mwanabute, N., Ncube, E., & Mundike, J. (2023). Assessing the occurrence of heavy metals in edible fruits grown around mine tailings dam in Kitwe. Journal of Environmental Protection, 14(2), 83\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jep.2023.142006","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Protection"},{"key":"15932_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-9769-0","volume":"137","author":"M Das","year":"2008","unstructured":"Das, M., & Maiti, S. (2008). Comparison between availability of heavy metals in dry and wetland tailing of an abandoned copper tailing pond. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 137, 343\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-007-9769-0","journal-title":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"},{"key":"15932_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min15010015","author":"J Delgado","year":"2025","unstructured":"Delgado, J., Lozano, O., Ayala, D., Martin, D., & Barba-Brioso, C. (2025). Geochemistry and mineralogy of precipitates from passive treatment of acid mine drainage: Implications for future management strategies. Minerals. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min15010015","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"15932_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116260","volume":"231","author":"W Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng, W., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2023). Effects of incorporating Mn into goethite on adsorption of dissolved organic matter and potentially toxic elements in soil: Isotherms, kinetics, and mechanisms. Environmental Research, 231, Article 116260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116260","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-008-9886-6","volume":"199","author":"M D\u00edez","year":"2009","unstructured":"D\u00edez, M., Sim\u00f3n, M., Garc\u00eda, I., & Mart\u00edn, F. (2009). Assessment of the critical load of trace elements in soils polluted by pyrite tailings. A laboratory experiment. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 199(1), 381\u2013387.","journal-title":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6742(03)00182-1","volume":"80","author":"B Dold","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dold, B. (2003). Speciation of the most soluble phases in a sequential extraction procedure adapted for geochemical studies of copper sulfide mine waste. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 80(1), 55\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0375-6742(03)00182-1","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"issue":"3","key":"15932_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3390\/min4030621","volume":"4","author":"B Dold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dold, B. (2014). Evolution of acid mine drainage formation in sulphidic mine tailings. Minerals, 4(3), 621\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min4030621","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"15932_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2016.09.014","volume":"172","author":"B Dold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dold, B. (2017). Acid rock drainage prediction: A critical review. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 172, 120\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2016.09.014","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.24425\/amm.2020.131732","volume":"65","author":"B Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong, B., Wu, J.-H., Wu, J., Zhang, X.-P., & Zhai, J.-J. (2020). Carrollite leaching in H2SO4-NaClO3 media at atmospheric pressure. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 65(1), 313\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24425\/amm.2020.131732","journal-title":"Archives of Metallurgy and Materials"},{"issue":"6","key":"15932_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3390\/min11060606","volume":"11","author":"C Drapeau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drapeau, C., Argane, R., Delolme, C., Blanc, D., Benzaazoua, M., Hakkou, R., Baumgartl, T., Edraki, M., & Lassabatere, L. (2021). Lead mobilization and speciation in mining waste: Experiments and modeling. Minerals, 11(6), 606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min11060606","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15458-2","volume":"12","author":"L Dusengemungu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dusengemungu, L., Mubemba, B., & Gwanama, C. (2022). Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in copper mine tailing soils of Kitwe and Mufulira, Zambia, for reclamation prospects. Scientific Reports, 12(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-15458-2","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"15932_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3184\/003685006783238344","volume":"89","author":"A Dybowska","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dybowska, A., Farago, M., Valsami-Jones, E., & Thornton, I. (2006). Remediation strategies for historical mining and smelting sites. Science Progress, 89(2), 71\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3184\/003685006783238344","journal-title":"Science Progress"},{"issue":"4","key":"15932_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.12912\/27197050\/163121","volume":"24","author":"Z El Mouridi","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Mouridi, Z., Ziri, R., Douaik, A., Bennani, S., Lembaid, I., Bouharou, L., Brhadda, N., & Moussadek, R. (2023). Comparison between Walkley-Black and loss on ignition methods for organic matter estimation in different Moroccan soils. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 24(4), 253\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12912\/27197050\/163121","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology"},{"key":"15932_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.027","volume":"124","author":"V Ettler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ettler, V., Cihlov\u00e1, M., Jaro\u0161\u00edkov\u00e1, A., Mihaljevi\u010d, M., Drahota, P., K\u0159\u00edbek, B., Van\u011bk, A., Pen\u00ed\u017eek, V., Sracek, O., & Klementov\u00e1, M. (2019). Oral bioaccessibility of metal (loid) s in dust materials from mining areas of northern Namibia. Environment International, 124, 205\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.027","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"issue":"4","key":"15932_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06757","volume":"7","author":"TS Gabasiane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gabasiane, T. S., Danha, G., Mamvura, T. A., Mashifana, T., & Dzinomwa, G. (2021). Characterization of copper slag for beneficiation of iron and copper. Heliyon, 7(4), Article e06757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06757","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"15932_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-018-0109-9","volume":"40","author":"M Gitari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gitari, M., Akinyemi, S., Ramugondo, L., Matidza, M., & Mhlongo, S. (2018). Geochemical fractionation of metals and metalloids in tailings and appraisal of environmental pollution in the abandoned Musina Copper Mine, South Africa. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40, 2421\u20132439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-018-0109-9","journal-title":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health"},{"key":"15932_CR34","unstructured":"Glencore. (2011). Mineral Expert\u2019s Report: Mopani Copper Mines Plc. Retrieved 9 June from https:\/\/www.hkexnews.hk\/listedco\/listconews\/sehk\/2011\/0513\/00805_1074520\/ewpglencore-20110511-43.pdf"},{"key":"15932_CR35","unstructured":"Glencore. (2019). Tailings storage facilities. Factsheet. Retrieved 10 February from https:\/\/www.glencore.com\/sustainability\/esg-a-z\/Tailings"},{"key":"15932_CR36","unstructured":"GRID-Arendal. (2020). Global Tailings Dam Portal https:\/\/tailing.grida.no\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"15932_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min14060552","volume":"14","author":"G Grieco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grieco, G., Cocomazzi, G., Naitza, S., Bussolesi, M., Deidda, M. L., Ferrari, E. S., & Destefanis, E. (2024). Recycling feldspar mining waste as buffering agent for acid mine drainage mitigation. Minerals, 14(6), Article 552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min14060552","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"issue":"7","key":"15932_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07631","volume":"7","author":"DB Guerr\u00f3n","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guerr\u00f3n, D. B., Capa, J., & Flores, L. C. (2021). Retention of heavy metals from mine tailings using technosols prepared with native soils and nanoparticles. Heliyon, 7(7), Article e07631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07631","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"15932_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.103232","volume":"80","author":"A G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fsoy","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fsoy, A., Ba\u015fyi\u0307\u011fi\u0307t, M., & Kart, E. U. (2023). Economic potential and environmental impact of metal recovery from copper slag flotation tailings. Resources Policy, 80, Article 103232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.103232","journal-title":"Resources Policy"},{"issue":"10","key":"15932_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(13)62835-6","volume":"23","author":"Y Guo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Huang, P., Zhang, W., Yuan, X., Fan, F., Wang, H., Liu, J., & Wang, Z. (2013). Leaching of heavy metals from Dexing Copper mine tailings pond. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 23(10), 3068\u20133075. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1003-6326(13)62835-6","journal-title":"Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China"},{"key":"15932_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2014.12.007","volume":"57","author":"PL Hageman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hageman, P. L., Seal, R. R., Diehl, S. F., Piatak, N. M., & Lowers, H. A. (2015). Evaluation of selected static methods used to estimate element mobility, acid-generating and acid-neutralizing potentials associated with geologically diverse mining wastes. Applied Geochemistry, 57, 125\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2014.12.007","journal-title":"Applied Geochemistry"},{"key":"15932_CR42","unstructured":"Hara, Y. S. R. (2014). Direct reduction of copper-cobalt sulphide mineral concentrates for metal\/alloy production [PhD Thesis, University of Leeds]."},{"key":"15932_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02426","volume":"26","author":"J Harimana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harimana, J., Makangila, M., Mundike, J., & Maseka, K. K. (2024a). Assessing the mobility of Zn, Pb and Ni during the weathering of Nkana smelter copper slag. Zambia. Scientific African, 26, Article e02426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02426","journal-title":"Zambia. Scientific African"},{"key":"15932_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02117","volume":"23","author":"J Harimana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harimana, J., Makangila, M., Mundike, J., & Maseka, K. K. (2024b). Effect of particle size, pH, and residence time on mobility of copper and cobalt from copper slag. Scientific African, 23, Article e02117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02117","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"key":"15932_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08838","author":"J Heiskanen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heiskanen, J., Ruhanen, H., & Hagner, M. (2022). Effects of compost, biochar and ash mixed in till soil cover of mine tailings on plant growth and bioaccumulation of elements: A growing test in a greenhouse. Heliyon. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08838","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"15932_CR46","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, C., Pizarro, E., Molina, J., de Araujo, A., & Valad\u00e3o, G. (2009). Mineral paste comparison between copper and iron tails. Paste 2009: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Seminar on Paste and Thickened Tailings, Perth."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"15932_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00850-0","volume":"273","author":"H Holmstr\u00f6m","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holmstr\u00f6m, H., Salmon, U. J., Carlsson, E., Petrov, P., & \u00d6hlander, B. (2001). Geochemical investigations of sulfide-bearing tailings at Kristineberg, northern Sweden, a few years after remediation. Science of the Total Environment, 273(1\u20133), 111\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00850-0","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"15932_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hossner, L., & Hons, F. (1992). Reclamation of mine tailings. In R. Lal, Stewart, B.A. (Ed.), Soil restoration. Advances in soil science (Vol. 17, pp. 311\u2013350). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4612-2820-2_10","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2820-2_10"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3190\/jgeosci.250","volume":"63","author":"T Hrstka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hrstka, T., Gottlieb, P., Skala, R., & Breiter, K. (2018). Automated mineralogy and petrology-applications of TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA). Journal of Geosciences, 63(1), 47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3190\/jgeosci.250","journal-title":"Journal of Geosciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"15932_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.7.6.375","volume":"7","author":"KA Hudson-Edwards","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hudson-Edwards, K. A., Jamieson, H. E., & Lottermoser, B. G. (2011). Mine wastes: Past, present, future. Elements, 7(6), 375\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2113\/gselements.7.6.375","journal-title":"Elements"},{"issue":"7","key":"15932_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(03)00114-1","volume":"154","author":"DB Johnson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Johnson, D. B., & Hallberg, K. B. (2003). The microbiology of acidic mine waters. Research in Microbiology, 154(7), 466\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0923-2508(03)00114-1","journal-title":"Research in Microbiology"},{"key":"15932_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.10.038","volume":"505","author":"EJ Joy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joy, E. J., Broadley, M. R., Young, S. D., Black, C. R., Chilimba, A. D., Ander, E. L., Barlow, T. S., & Watts, M. J. (2015). Soil type influences crop mineral composition in Malawi. Science of the Total Environment, 505, 587\u2013595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.10.038","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"23","key":"15932_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16237443","volume":"16","author":"OB Kaba","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaba, O. B., Souissi, F., Keita, D., Filippov, L. O., Cont\u00e9, M. S. M., & Kanari, N. (2023). Mineral weathering and metal leaching under meteoric conditions in F-(Ba-Pb-Zn) mining waste of Hammam Zriba (NE Tunisia). Materials, 16(23), Article 7443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma16237443","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"15932_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.131","volume":"210","author":"AT Kaniki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaniki, A. T., & Tumba, K. (2019). Management of mineral processing tailings and metallurgical slags of the Congolese copperbelt: Environmental stakes and perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 210, 1406\u20131413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.131","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"15932_CR55","unstructured":"KCC. (2010). Kitwe City Council. Kitwe District State of Environment Outlook Report. https:\/\/www.zema.org.zm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Kitwe-District-State-of-Environment-Outlook-report.pdf"},{"key":"15932_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13803","author":"M Kelvin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kelvin, M., Verpaele, S., Gopalapillai, Y., Poland, C., Leybourne, M. I., & Layton-Matthews, D. (2023). Application of quantitative mineralogy to determine sources of airborne particles at a European copper smelter. Heliyon. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13803","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1081\/ESE-120027379","volume":"39","author":"M-J Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim, M.-J., & Jung, Y. (2004). Vertical distribution and mobility of arsenic and heavy metals in and around mine tailings of an abandoned mine. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part a, Toxic\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 39(1), 203\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/ESE-120027379","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part a, Toxic\/hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering"},{"key":"15932_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-015-9695-y","volume":"37","author":"R-Y Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim, R.-Y., Yoon, J.-K., Kim, T.-S., Yang, J. E., Owens, G., & Kim, K.-R. (2015). Bioavailability of heavy metals in soils: Definitions and practical implementation\u2014a critical review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 37, 1041\u20131061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-015-9695-y","journal-title":"Environmental Geochemistry and Health"},{"key":"15932_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2024.06.034","volume":"380","author":"Y Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Lee, S. S., Abdilla, B., Nikitin, V., Sturchio, N. C., & Fenter, P. (2024). Formation of zinc carbonate phases on dissolving calcite, aragonite, and vaterite in acidic aqueous solutions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 380, 131\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gca.2024.06.034","journal-title":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"key":"15932_CR60","unstructured":"Kitondo, M. (2019). Geochemical characterisation of mine drainage from a copper mine operations at Phalaborwa (South Africa) and Kitwe (Zambia) [PhD Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand]."},{"key":"15932_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.10.003","volume":"11","author":"MT Kolo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kolo, M. T., Khandaker, M. U., Amin, Y. M., Abdullah, W. H. B., Bradley, D. A., & Alzimami, K. S. (2018). Assessment of health risk due to the exposure of heavy metals in soil around mega coal-fired cement factory in Nigeria. Results in Physics, 11, 755\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.10.003","journal-title":"Results in Physics"},{"key":"15932_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2014.09.010","volume":"51","author":"D Kossoff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kossoff, D., Dubbin, W., Alfredsson, M., Edwards, S., Macklin, M., & Hudson-Edwards, K. A. (2014). Mine tailings dams: Characteristics, failure, environmental impacts, and remediation. Applied Geochemistry, 51, 229\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2014.09.010","journal-title":"Applied Geochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/w17010043","volume":"17","author":"M Koucham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Koucham, M., Khalil, A., Mouhagir, L., Zouhri, L., & El Adnani, M. (2024). Comprehensive assessment of environmental behavior of mine tailings for sustainable waste management and mitigation of pollution risks. Water, 17(1), 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w17010043","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"3","key":"15932_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2009.12.005","volume":"104","author":"B K\u0159\u00edbek","year":"2010","unstructured":"K\u0159\u00edbek, B., Majer, V., Veselovsk\u00fd, F., & Nyambe, I. (2010). Discrimination of lithogenic and anthropogenic sources of metals and sulphur in soils of the central-northern part of the Zambian Copperbelt Mining District: A topsoil vs. subsurface soil concept. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 104(3), 69\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2009.12.005","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"issue":"3","key":"15932_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3390\/min13030384","volume":"13","author":"B K\u0159\u00edbek","year":"2023","unstructured":"K\u0159\u00edbek, B., Nyambe, I., Sracek, O., Mihaljevi\u010d, M., & Kn\u00e9sl, I. (2023). Impact of mining and ore processing on soil, drainage and vegetation in the Zambian copperbelt mining districts: A review. Minerals, 13(3), 384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min13030384","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"15932_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121502","volume":"384","author":"A Kr\u00f3l","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l, A., Mizerna, K., & Bo\u017cym, M. (2020). An assessment of pH-dependent release and mobility of heavy metals from metallurgical slag. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384, Article 121502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121502","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"issue":"2","key":"15932_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seh.2023.100014","volume":"1","author":"RG Lacalle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lacalle, R. G., Bernal, M., \u00c1lvarez-Robles, M. J., & Clemente, R. (2023). Phytostabilization of soils contaminated with As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn: Physicochemical, toxicological and biological evaluations. Soil & Environmental Health, 1(2), Article 100014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seh.2023.100014","journal-title":"Soil & Environmental Health"},{"key":"15932_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153862","volume":"825","author":"Q Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Q., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Li, L., Tang, M., Hu, W., Chen, L., & Ai, S. (2022). Speciation of heavy metals in soils and their immobilization at micro-scale interfaces among diverse soil components. Science of The Total Environment, 825, Article 153862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153862","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"issue":"11","key":"15932_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph6112865","volume":"6","author":"M Lim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lim, M., Han, G.-C., Ahn, J.-W., You, K.-S., & Kim, H.-S. (2009). Leachability of arsenic and heavy metals from mine tailings of abandoned metal mines. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(11), 2865\u20132879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph6112865","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"15932_CR70","unstructured":"Limpitlaw, D., & Woldai, T. (1998). Environmental impact assessment of mining by integration of remotely sensed data with historical data. Proceedings of the 2nd Int. Symp. on Mine Environmental Engineering, Uxbridge, UK."},{"key":"15932_CR71","unstructured":"Lindahl, J. (2014). Towards better environmental management and sustainable exploitation of mineral resources. SGU Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU), 22, 1\u201326. http:\/\/resource.sgu.se\/produkter\/sgurapp\/s1422-rapport.pdf"},{"issue":"11","key":"15932_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.17159\/2411-9717\/2018\/v118n11a5","volume":"118","author":"L Little","year":"2018","unstructured":"Little, L., Mclennan, Q., Prinsloo, A., Muchima, K., Kaputula, B., & Siame, C. (2018). Relationship between ore mineralogy and copper recovery across different processing circuits at Kansanshi mine. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 118(11), 1155\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/2411-9717\/2018\/v118n11a5","journal-title":"Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy"},{"issue":"8","key":"15932_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2021.068","volume":"12","author":"J Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu, J., Leivisk\u00e4, T., & Walder, I. (2021). The effect of temperature and digested sewage sludge cover over tailings on the leaching of contaminants from Ballangen tailings deposit. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 12(8), 3573\u20133581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wcc.2021.068","journal-title":"Journal of Water and Climate Change"},{"key":"15932_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13585","author":"N Matakala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Matakala, N., Chirwa, P. W., Mwamba, T. M., & Syampungani, S. (2023). Species richness and phytoremediation potential of mine wastelands-native trees across the Zambian Copperbelt region. Heliyon. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13585","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"15932_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2016.72014","volume":"7","author":"S Matsumoto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matsumoto, S., Shimada, H., Sasaoka, T., Kusuma, G. J., & Gautama, R. S. (2016). Construction of dry cover system for prevention of acid mine drainage at mine waste dump in open cast coal mines, Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7, 160\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jep.2016.72014","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Protection"},{"key":"15932_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mensah, A. K., & Amoakwah, E. (2024). Soil biogeochemical factors influencing mobilization of toxic. In K. R. Hakeem (Ed.), Perspectives and insights on soil contamination and effective remediation techniques (Vol. 22). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.1003336","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1003336"},{"issue":"2","key":"15932_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v20i2.26","volume":"20","author":"II Mokwenye","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mokwenye, I. I., Diagboya, P. N., Oluowolabi, B. I., Anigbogu, I. O., & Owamah, H. I. (2016). Immobilization of toxic metal cations on goethite-amended soils: A remediation strategy. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 20(2), 436\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/jasem.v20i2.26","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management"},{"key":"15932_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2022.106689","volume":"229","author":"JM Moreno-Maroto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moreno-Maroto, J. M., & Alonso-Azc\u00e1rate, J. (2022). Evaluation of the USDA soil texture triangle through Atterberg limits and an alternative classification system. Applied Clay Science, 229, Article 106689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clay.2022.106689","journal-title":"Applied Clay Science"},{"key":"15932_CR79","unstructured":"Mudenda, L. (2022). A multifarious comparative ecotoxicological approach on a catchment scale from three mine wastelands for improved environmental management and risk assessment: Integrating abiotic, biotic and agroecosystem approaches. [PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town]."},{"key":"15932_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soisec.2022.100039","volume":"6","author":"C Mulenga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mulenga, C. (2022). Soil governance and the control of mining pollution in Zambia. Soil Security, 6, Article 100039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soisec.2022.100039","journal-title":"Soil Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40068-023-00310-x","volume":"12","author":"C Mulenga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mulenga, C., Phiri, D., Ortega-Rodriguez, D. R., & Meincken, M. (2023). Bioaccumulation of potentially toxic elements by indigenous and exotic trees growing around a copper leaching plant in Mufulira, Zambia. Environmental Systems Research, 12(1), Article 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40068-023-00310-x","journal-title":"Environmental Systems Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"15932_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1108\/JEDT-05-2020-0186","volume":"19","author":"F Muleya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muleya, F., Mulenga, B., Zulu, S. L., Nwaubani, S., Tembo, C. K., & Mushota, H. (2020). Investigating the suitability and cost-benefit of copper tailings as partial replacement of sand in concrete in Zambia: An exploratory study. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 19(4), 828\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JEDT-05-2020-0186","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"15932_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.17159\/2411-9717\/952\/2020","volume":"120","author":"D Muma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muma, D., Besa, B., Manchisi, J., & Banda, W. (2020). Effects of mining operations on air and water quality in Mufulira district of Zambia: A case study of Kankoyo township. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 120(4), 287\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/2411-9717\/952\/2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy"},{"key":"15932_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485","author":"P Mwaanga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mwaanga, P., Silondwa, M., Kasali, G., & Banda, P. M. (2019). Preliminary review of mine air pollution in Zambia. Heliyon. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02485","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"2","key":"15932_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2462\/09670513.849","volume":"15","author":"E Mylona","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mylona, E., Xenidis, A., Cs\u00f6v\u00e1ri, M., & N\u00e9meth, G. (2007). Application of dry covers for the closure of tailings facilities. Land Contamination & Reclamation, 15(2), 163\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2462\/09670513.849","journal-title":"Land Contamination & Reclamation"},{"issue":"8","key":"15932_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2023.2296988","volume":"55","author":"JT Nelson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nelson, J. T., Adjuik, T. A., Moore, E. B., VanLoocke, A. D., Ramirez Reyes, A., & McDaniel, M. D. (2024). A simple, affordable, do-it-yourself method for measuring soil maximum water holding capacity. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 55(8), 1190\u20131204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00103624.2023.2296988","journal-title":"Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis"},{"key":"15932_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2015.02.005","volume":"152","author":"MTK Nezhad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nezhad, M. T. K., Tabatabaii, S. M., & Gholami, A. (2015). Geochemical assessment of steel smelter-impacted urban soils, Ahvaz. Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 152, 91\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2015.02.005","journal-title":"Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"key":"15932_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nordstrom, D. K. (2011). Mine waters: Acidic to circumneutral. Elements 7, 393\u2013398.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2113\/gselements.7.6.393","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.7.6.393"},{"key":"15932_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.01.029","volume":"101","author":"B Pandey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pandey, B., Kinrade, S. D., & Catalan, L. J. (2012). Effects of carbonation on the leachability and compressive strength of cement-solidified and geopolymer-solidified synthetic metal wastes. Journal of Environmental Management, 101, 59\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.01.029","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Management"},{"key":"15932_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2015.03.015","volume":"82","author":"A Parbhakar-Fox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parbhakar-Fox, A., & Lottermoser, B. G. (2015). A critical review of acid rock drainage prediction methods and practices. Minerals Engineering, 82, 107\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mineng.2015.03.015","journal-title":"Minerals Engineering"},{"key":"15932_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.08.086","volume":"500-501","author":"F Perlatti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Perlatti, F., Otero, X. L., Macias, F., & Ferreira, T. O. (2014). Geochemical speciation and dynamic of copper in tropical semi-arid soils exposed to metal-bearing mine wastes. Science of the Total Environment, 500\u2013501, 91\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.08.086","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"4","key":"15932_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exis.2020.08.004","volume":"8","author":"I Pe\u0161a","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pe\u0161a, I. (2021). Between waste and profit: Environmental values on the Central African Copperbelt. The Extractive Industries and Society, 8(4), 100793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exis.2020.08.004","journal-title":"The Extractive Industries and Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"15932_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2005.10.018","volume":"70","author":"AN Pham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pham, A. N., Rose, A. L., Feitz, A. J., & Waite, T. D. (2006). Kinetics of Fe (III) precipitation in aqueous solutions at pH 6.0\u20139.5 and 25 C. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(3), 640\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gca.2005.10.018","journal-title":"Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta"},{"key":"15932_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2021.107150","volume":"172","author":"TC Phiri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Phiri, T. C., Singh, P., & Nikoloski, A. N. (2021). The potential for copper slag waste as a resource for a circular economy: A review\u2013Part II. Minerals Engineering, 172, Article 107150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mineng.2021.107150","journal-title":"Minerals Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min7010012","volume":"7","author":"R Pooler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pooler, R., & Dold, B. (2017). Optimization and quality control of automated quantitative mineralogy analysis for acid rock drainage prediction. Minerals, 7(1), Article 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min7010012","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"15932_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2015.07.012","volume":"64","author":"O Pourret","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pourret, O., Lange, B., Bonhoure, J., Colinet, G., Decr\u00e9e, S., Mahy, G., S\u00e9leck, M., Shutcha, M., & Faucon, M.-P. (2016). Assessment of soil metal distribution and environmental impact of mining in Katanga (Democratic Republic of Congo). Applied Geochemistry, 64, 43\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2015.07.012","journal-title":"Applied Geochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.08.010","volume":"50","author":"M Ramirez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramirez, M., Massolo, S., Frache, R., & Correa, J. A. (2005). Metal speciation and environmental impact on sandy beaches due to El Salvador copper mine, Chile. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(1), 62\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.08.010","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"15932_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1993.1440","volume":"161","author":"DP Rodda","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rodda, D. P., Johnson, B. B., & Wells, J. D. (1993). The effect of temperature and pH on the adsorption of copper (II), lead (II), and zinc (II) onto goethite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 161(1), 57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jcis.1993.1440","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"15932_CR99","first-page":"373","volume":"3","author":"JM Rodriguez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodriguez, J. M., & Edesk\u00e4r, T. (2013). Case of study on particle shape and friction angle on tailings. Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research, 3(4), 373\u2013387.","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering Research"},{"key":"15932_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2025.105414","volume":"155","author":"LF Rueda-Garz\u00f3n","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rueda-Garz\u00f3n, L. F., Carrillo-Ch\u00e1vez, A., Miranda-Avil\u00e9s, R., Alquiza, M. J. P., Zanor, G., Ram\u00edrez-Ram\u00edrez, M., Mu\u00f1oz-Torres, C., Kshirsagar, P., Li, Y., & Liao, X. (2025). Leaching potential of heavy metals and metalloids in mining-impacted soils of central Mexico: Accelerated column tests and geochemical modeling. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 155, Article 105414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsames.2025.105414","journal-title":"Journal of South American Earth Sciences"},{"key":"15932_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2026.1742013","volume":"14","author":"H Saleh","year":"2026","unstructured":"Saleh, H., Braida, W., Zhang, Z., Datta, R., & Sarkar, D. (2026). Geochemical fate of lead in contaminated residential soils following application of amendments for lead immobilization. Frontiers in Chemistry, 14, Article 1742013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2026.1742013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Chemistry"},{"key":"15932_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.04.004","volume":"348","author":"V Santoroa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santoroa, V., Martina, M., Perssonc, P., Lerdaa, C., Said-Pullicinoa, D., Magnaccab, G., & Celi, L. (2019). Inorganic and organic P retention by coprecipitation during ferrous iron oxidation. Geoderma, 348, 168\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2019.04.004","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"15932_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138582","volume":"328","author":"SK Sarker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sarker, S. K., Pownceby, M. I., Bruckard, W., Haque, N., Bhuiyan, M., & Pramanik, B. K. (2023). Unlocking the potential of sulphide tailings: A comprehensive characterization study for critical mineral recovery. Chemosphere, 328, Article 138582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138582","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"15932_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2009.07.053","volume":"339","author":"MS Schaller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schaller, M. S., Koretsky, C. M., Lund, T. J., & Landry, C. J. (2009). Surface complexation modeling of Cd (II) adsorption on mixtures of hydrous ferric oxide, quartz and kaolinite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 339(2), 302\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2009.07.053","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"15932_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.3390\/min10111004","volume":"10","author":"B Schulz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schulz, B., Sandmann, D., & Gilbricht, S. (2020). SEM-based automated mineralogy and its application in geo-and material sciences. Minerals, 10(11), 1004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min10111004","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"issue":"4","key":"15932_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3103\/S1067821221040131","volume":"62","author":"A Seyrankaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seyrankaya, A., & Canbazo\u01e7lu, M. (2021). Recovery of cobalt, copper and zinc from K\u00fcre-Kastamonu historical copper slag by high pressure oxidative acid leaching. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals, 62(4), 390\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3103\/S1067821221040131","journal-title":"Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals"},{"issue":"3","key":"15932_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s102300200030","volume":"21","author":"S Siddharth","year":"2002","unstructured":"Siddharth, S., Jamal, A., Dhar, B., & Shukla, R. (2002). Acid-base accounting: A geochemical tool for management of acid drainage in coal mines. Mine Water and the Environment, 21(3), 106\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s102300200030","journal-title":"Mine Water and the Environment"},{"key":"15932_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sikamo, J., Mwanza, A., & Mweemba, C. (2016). Copper mining in Zambia-history and future. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 116(6), 491\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/2411-9717\/2016\/v116n6a1","DOI":"10.17159\/2411-9717\/2016\/v116n6a1"},{"key":"15932_CR109","unstructured":"Smyth, D., & Johnston, C. (2013). Geochemistry: methodology. In A. W. D. M.E. Young (Ed.), A guide to the Tellus Data, Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Belfast. (pp. 33\u201344). http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/509171"},{"issue":"2\u20134","key":"15932_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2004.01.006","volume":"122","author":"G Sohlenius","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sohlenius, G., & \u00d6born, I. (2004). Geochemistry and partitioning of trace metals in acid sulphate soils in Sweden and Finland before and after sulphide oxidation. Geoderma, 122(2\u20134), 167\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geoderma.2004.01.006","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"15932_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2009.07.008","volume":"57","author":"O Sracek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sracek, O., Mihaljevi\u010d, M., K\u0159\u00edbek, B., Majer, V., & Veselovsk\u00fd, F. (2010). Geochemistry and mineralogy of Cu and Co in mine tailings at the Copperbelt, Zambia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 57(1\u20132), 14\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2009.07.008","journal-title":"Journal of African Earth Sciences"},{"key":"15932_CR112","unstructured":"USEPA. (1992). Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). SW-846 test methods for evaluating solid waste, physical\/chemical methods. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/hw-sw846\/sw-846-test-method-1311-toxicity-characteristic-leaching-procedure"},{"key":"15932_CR113","unstructured":"USEPA. (2000). Guidance for data quality: Assessment practical methods for data analysis (EPA QA G-9)."},{"key":"15932_CR114","unstructured":"USEPA. (2003). National management measures to control nonpoint source pollution from agriculture."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"15932_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2004.06.073","volume":"524","author":"F Vega","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vega, F., Covelo, E., Andrade, M., & Marcet, P. (2004). Relationships between heavy metals content and soil properties in minesoils. Analytica Chimica Acta, 524(1\u20132), 141\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aca.2004.06.073","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"issue":"4","key":"15932_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.2010.074.4.581","volume":"74","author":"M V\u00edtkova","year":"2010","unstructured":"V\u00edtkova, M., Ettler, V., Johan, Z., Kribek, B., Sebek, O., & Mihaljevic, M. (2010). Primary and secondary phases in copper-cobalt smelting slags from the Copperbelt Province. Zambia Mineralogical Magazine, 74(4), 581\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1180\/minmag.2010.074.4.581","journal-title":"Zambia Mineralogical Magazine"},{"issue":"6","key":"15932_CR117","first-page":"421","volume":"3","author":"M Wahba","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wahba, M., & Zaghloul, A. (2007). Adsorption characteristics of some heavy metals by some soil minerals. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3(6), 421\u2013426.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Sciences Research"},{"key":"15932_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.08.007","volume":"218","author":"P Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, P., Liu, Y., Menzies, N. W., Wehr, J. B., de Jonge, M. D., Howard, D. L., Kopittke, P. M., & Huang, L. (2016). Ferric minerals and organic matter change arsenic speciation in copper mine tailings. Environmental Pollution, 218, 835\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.08.007","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"15932_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133893","volume":"695","author":"P Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, P., Sun, Z., Hu, Y., & Cheng, H. (2019). Leaching of heavy metals from abandoned mine tailings brought by precipitation and the associated environmental impact. Science of the Total Environment, 695, Article 133893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133893","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"15932_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51075-2","volume":"9","author":"MJ Watts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watts, M. J., Middleton, D. R., Marriott, A. L., Humphrey, O. S., Hamilton, E. M., Gardner, A., Smith, M., McCormack, V. A., Menya, D., & Munishi, M. O. (2019). Source apportionment of micronutrients in the diets of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania and counties of Western Kenya. Scientific Reports, 9, Article 14447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-51075-2","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"15932_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, P. A., Hughes, J. B., Conner, L. B., Lindsay, P., & Smart, R. (2006). Short-term acid rock drainage characteristics determined by paste pH and kinetic NAG testing: cypress, prospect, New Zealand. The 7th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD), St. Louis MO.","DOI":"10.21000\/JASMR06022289"},{"key":"15932_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Williams, D. J. (2005). Placing soil covers on soft mine tailings. In Elsevier Geo-Engineering Book Series (Vol. 3, pp. 491\u2013512). Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1571-9960(05)80020-5","DOI":"10.1016\/S1571-9960(05)80020-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"15932_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1180\/0009855043930133","volume":"39","author":"M Wilson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilson, M. (2004). Weathering of the primary rock-forming minerals: Processes, products and rates. Clay Minerals, 39(3), 233\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1180\/0009855043930133","journal-title":"Clay Minerals"},{"key":"15932_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2014.08.009","volume":"148","author":"S Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu, S., Peng, S., Zhang, X., Wu, D., Luo, W., Zhang, T., Zhou, S., Yang, G., Wan, H., & Wu, L. (2015). Levels and health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban soils in Dongguan, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 148, 71\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2014.08.009","journal-title":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration"},{"key":"15932_CR125","unstructured":"ZABs. (2010). Zambia Bureau of Standards (ZABs) Drinking Water Quality"},{"key":"15932_CR126","unstructured":"ZCCM-IH. (2002). ZCCM-IH, Komex International Ltd: Zambia-Copperbelt Environmental Project: Environmental impact assessment https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/152831468766181491"},{"key":"15932_CR127","unstructured":"ZCCM-IH. (2022). Zambia\u2019s target to increase copper production to 3 million tonnes in the next 10 yrs is attainable. https:\/\/www.zccm-ih.com.zm\/2022\/11\/01\/zambias-target-to-increase-copper-production-to-3-million-tonnes-in-the-next-10yrs-is-attainable\/"},{"key":"15932_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-6271-4","author":"W Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Long, J., Wei, Z., & Alakangas, L. (2016). Vertical distribution and historical loss estimation of heavy metals in an abandoned tailings pond at HTM copper mine, northeastern China. Environmental Earth Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12665-016-6271-4","journal-title":"Environmental Earth Sciences"},{"key":"15932_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgeoc.2025.1543695","volume":"3","author":"G Ziwa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ziwa, G., Crane, R., & Hudson-Edwards, K. A. (2025). Geochemistry and mineralogy of cobalt in mine wastes: Examples from Cobalt, Canada and Cornwall, England. Frontiers in Geochemistry, 3, Article 1543695. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgeoc.2025.1543695","journal-title":"Frontiers in Geochemistry"},{"key":"15932_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-006-0361-7","volume":"51","author":"X Zou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zou, X., Yuan, T., Zhu, Y., Zhang, X., Feng, S., Shen, Z., & Wang, W. (2007). Heterogeneous distribution of copper in different grain size and density fractions of contaminated surface sediment from Nansi Lake (China). Environmental Geology, 51, 813\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00254-006-0361-7","journal-title":"Environmental Geology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15932-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15932-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15932-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:44:57Z","timestamp":1791456297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15932-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["15932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15932-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All authors have read, understood, and have complied as applicable with the statement on \u201cEthical responsibilities of Authors\u201d as found in the Instructions for Authors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declarations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"1128"}}