{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:49:11Z","timestamp":1791910151722,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024338","name":"Florida Department of Environmental Protection","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ Monit Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Coral reefs are increasingly exposed to multiple environmental stressors, including ocean warming and elevated turbidity from coastal development, dredging, and sediment resuspension. Understanding how these stressors affect coral physiology is essential for improving sediment management and protecting reef ecosystems. We investigated the short-term physiological responses of the Caribbean reef-building coral,\n                    <jats:italic>Orbicella faveolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , to suspended sediment and elevated temperature during controlled 72-h laboratory experiments. Coral fragments were first exposed in independent chamber\u2013sump systems to a gradient of target turbidity levels consisting of a control with no added sediment and treatments of 15, 29, and 50 NTU, followed by a factorial experiment evaluating suspended sediment (control or 29 NTU) and temperature (27\u00b0C or 30\u00b0C). Metabolic oxygen flux was quantified using intermittent-flow respirometry; photophysiological performance was assessed using pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometry, and tissue and skeletal condition were evaluated using biological and calcification endpoints. Elevated temperature produced the most consistent responses, decreasing maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv\/Fm), increasing regulated non-photochemical energy dissipation (YNPQ), and altering respiration. Suspended sediment elicited comparatively limited responses, primarily affecting photophysiological metrics, with modest effects on respiration in the highest-turbidity treatment. No suspended sediment\u2009\u00d7\u2009temperature interaction was detected. Net calcification, symbiont density, chlorophyll concentration, and host protein content remained largely unchanged across treatments, while genotype accounted for significant variation in multiple physiological responses. Collectively, these findings support a hierarchy of short-term physiological sensitivity, with photophysiological metrics showing the most consistent responses, metabolic responses being more limited, and biomass-related and skeletal-growth endpoints remaining largely stable over the 72-h exposure. Integrating photophysiological measurements into monitoring programs may improve early detection of sublethal coral stress during coastal and climate-related disturbances.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-026-15969-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:50:21Z","timestamp":1791863421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hierarchical physiological sensitivity of the coral, Orbicella faveolata, to suspended sediment and elevated temperature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8092-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisha D.","family":"Bahr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6243-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Bretzing-Tungate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briana M.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3566-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor G.","family":"TenBrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8128-7143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey L.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6449-0104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail L.","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"15969_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(00)00237-9","volume":"252","author":"KRN Anthony","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anthony, K. R. N., & Fabricius, K. E. (2000). Shifting roles of heterotrophy and autotrophy in coral energetics under varying turbidity. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 252(2), 221\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-0981(00)00237-9","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"15969_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-002-1095-1","volume":"134","author":"KRN Anthony","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anthony, K. R. N., & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2003). Kinetics of photoacclimation in corals. Oecologia, 134(1), 23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00442-002-1095-1","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"15969_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates, D., M\u00e4chler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"12","key":"15969_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03787.x","volume":"17","author":"IB Baums","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baums, I. B. (2008). A restoration genetics guide for coral reef conservation. Molecular Ecology, 17(12), 2796\u20132811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2008.03787.x","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"issue":"24","key":"15969_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.10.044","volume":"24","author":"RA Bay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bay, R. A., & Palumbi, S. R. (2014). Multilocus adaptation associated with heat resistance in reef-building corals. Current Biology, 24(24), 2952\u20132956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2014.10.044","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"15969_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.050","volume":"117","author":"P Bessell-Browne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bessell-Browne, P., Negri, A. P., Fisher, R., Clode, P. L., Duckworth, D., & Jones, R. (2017). Impacts of turbidity on corals: The relative importance of light limitation and suspended sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 117(1\u20132), 161\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.050","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"15969_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(03)00121-7","volume":"291","author":"R Bhagooli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bhagooli, R., & Hidaka, M. (2003). Comparison of stress susceptibility of in hospite and isolated zooxanthellae among five coral species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 291(2), 181\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-0981(03)00121-7","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"key":"15969_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Buxton, L., Takahashi, S., Hill, R., & Ralph, P. J. (2012). Variability in the primary site of photosynthetic damage in Symbiodinium sp. exposed to thermal stress. Journal of Phycology, 48(1), 117\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2011.01099.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2011.01099.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"15969_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13166","volume":"22","author":"C Cacciapaglia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cacciapaglia, C., & van Woesik, R. (2016). Climate-change refugia: Shading reef corals by turbidity. Global Change Biology, 22(3), 1145\u20131154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.13166","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"15969_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-024-02608-3","volume":"44","author":"C Caruso","year":"2025","unstructured":"Caruso, C., de Souza, M. R., Kahkejian, V., Davidson, J. M., Matsuda, S., Madin, J. S., & Drury, C. (2025). Short-term stress testing predicts subsequent variation in natural bleaching. Coral Reefs, 44, 399\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00338-024-02608-3","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"issue":"4","key":"15969_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(03)00037-7","volume":"46","author":"AE Douglas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Douglas, A. E. (2003). Coral bleaching\u2014how and why? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46(4), 385\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0025-326X(03)00037-7","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"15969_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00349482","volume":"121","author":"PJ Edmunds","year":"1994","unstructured":"Edmunds, P. J. (1994). Evidence that reef-wide patterns of coral bleaching may be the result of the distribution of bleaching-susceptible clones. Marine Biology, 121(1), 137\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00349482","journal-title":"Marine Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"15969_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1890\/14-1658.1","volume":"96","author":"PJ Edmunds","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edmunds, P. J. (2015). A quarter-century of demographic fluctuations in Porites astreoides on a Caribbean reef. Ecology, 96(6), 1598\u20131609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1890\/14-1658.1","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"15969_CR14","first-page":"1056","volume":"24","author":"IC Enochs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Enochs, I. C., Kolodziej, G., Fabry, V. J., & Price, N. N. (2018). The influence of ocean acidification on coral reef and reef-organism calcification. Global Change Biology, 24(3), 1056\u20131070.","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"9","key":"15969_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.05.008","volume":"64","author":"PLA Erftemeijer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erftemeijer, P. L. A., Riegl, B., Hoeksema, B. W., & Todd, P. A. (2012). Environmental impacts of dredging and other sediment disturbances on corals: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(9), 1737\u20131765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.05.008","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"15969_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.11.028","volume":"50","author":"KE Fabricius","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fabricius, K. E. (2005). Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: Review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(2), 125\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.11.028","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"15969_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-024-02587-5","volume":"44","author":"K Gomez-Campo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gomez-Campo, K., & Baums, I. B. (2025). Fitted Fv\/Fm temperature response curves: Applying lessons from plant ecophysiology to acute thermal stress experiments in coral holobionts. Coral Reefs, 44, 77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00338-024-02587-5","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"15969_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-021-04319-8","volume":"3","author":"AM Good","year":"2021","unstructured":"Good, A. M., & Bahr, K. D. (2021). The coral conservation crisis: Interacting local and global stressors reduce reef resiliency and create challenges for conservation solutions. SN Applied Sciences, 3, Article 312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-021-04319-8","journal-title":"SN Applied Sciences"},{"key":"15969_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-025-02752-4","volume":"44","author":"AM Good","year":"2025","unstructured":"Good, A. M., Epps, A., Coberly, M., Rodgers, K. S., Prouty, N. G., Storlazzi, C. D., & Bahr, K. D. (2025). Impact of warming and suspended terrigenous sediment on the Hawaiian reef coral Montipora capitata. Coral Reefs, 44, 2065\u20132081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00338-025-02752-4","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"issue":"1","key":"15969_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191156","volume":"13","author":"AG Grottoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grottoli, A. G., Dalcin Martins, P., Wilkins, M. J., Johnston, M. D., Warner, M. E., Cai, W.-J., Melman, T. F., Hoadley, K. D., Pettay, D. T., Levas, S., & Schoepf, V. (2018). Coral physiology and microbiome dynamics under combined warming and ocean acidification. PLoS ONE, 13(1), Article e0191156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0191156","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"15969_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2262","volume":"31","author":"AG Grottoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grottoli, A. G., Toonen, R. J., van Woesik, R., Vega Thurber, R., Warner, M. E., McLachlan, R. H., Price, J. T., Bahr, K. D., Baums, I. B., Castillo, K. D., Coffroth, M. A., Cunning, R., et al. (2021). Increasing comparability among coral bleaching experiments. Ecological Applications, 31(4), Article e02262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eap.2262","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"issue":"6","key":"15969_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13162","volume":"10","author":"J Harianto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harianto, J., Carey, N., & Byrne, M. (2019). RespR: An R package for the manipulation and analysis of respirometry data. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 10(6), 912\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.13162","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"15969_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13042","volume":"99","author":"J Helgoe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Helgoe, J., Davy, S. K., Weis, V. M., & Rodriguez-Lanetty, M. (2024). Triggers, cascades, and endpoints: Connecting the dots of coral bleaching mechanisms. Biological Reviews, 99(3), 715\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.13042","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"key":"15969_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0041-2","volume":"556","author":"TP Hughes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hughes, T. P., Kerry, J. T., Baird, A. H., Connolly, S. R., Dietzel, A., Eakin, C. M., Heron, S. F., Hoey, A. S., Hoogenboom, M. O., Liu, G., McWilliam, M. J., Pears, R. J., Pratchett, M. S., Skirving, W. J., Stella, J. S., & Torda, G. (2018). Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature, 556, 492\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-018-0041-2","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"15969_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-3796(17)30778-3","volume":"167","author":"SW Jeffrey","year":"1975","unstructured":"Jeffrey, S. W., & Humphrey, G. F. (1975). New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c\u2081 and c\u2082 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, 167(2), 191\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0015-3796(17)30778-3","journal-title":"Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen"},{"key":"15969_CR26","unstructured":"Jokiel, P. L., Maragos, J. E., & Franzisket, L. (1978). Coral growth: Buoyant weight technique. In D. R. Stoddart & R. E. Johannes (Eds.), Coral reefs: Research methods (Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology No. 5, pp. 529\u2013542). UNESCO."},{"issue":"6","key":"15969_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216248","volume":"14","author":"R Jones","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jones, R., Fisher, R., & Bessell-Browne, P. (2019). Sediment deposition and coral smothering. PLoS ONE, 14(6), Article e0216248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216248","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"15969_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1978.23.5.0989","volume":"23","author":"DW Kinsey","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kinsey, D. W. (1978). Alkalinity changes and coral reef calcification. Limnology and Oceanography, 23(5), 989\u2013991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4319\/lo.1978.23.5.0989","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"15969_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623370","volume-title":"Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems","author":"JTO Kirk","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kirk, J. T. O. (1994). Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.","edition":"2nd ed."},{"issue":"13","key":"15969_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","volume":"82","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). LmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13), 1\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"15969_CR31","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. (2024). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (R package version 1.10.4)."},{"issue":"3","key":"15969_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s003380050073","volume":"16","author":"MP Lesser","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lesser, M. P. (1997). Oxidative stress causes coral bleaching during exposure to elevated temperatures. Coral Reefs, 16(3), 187\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s003380050073","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"15969_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-025-04636-1","volume":"172","author":"SEN Manalili","year":"2025","unstructured":"Manalili, S. E. N., Bataan, D. A. U., Ulanova, D., Sakurai, T., Sekida, S., Keshavmurthy, S., Mezaki, T., & Kubota, S. (2025). Short-term recovery responses in Acropora hyacinthus exposed to moderate-term thermal stress. Marine Biology, 172, Article 76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00227-025-04636-1","journal-title":"Marine Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"15969_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14545","volume":"25","author":"DP Manzello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manzello, D. P., Matz, M. V., Enochs, I. C., Valentino, L., Carlton, R. D., Kolodziej, G., Serrano, X., Towle, E. K., & Jankulak, M. (2019). Role of host genetics and heat-tolerant algal symbionts in sustaining populations of the endangered coral Orbicella faveolata in the Florida Keys with ocean warming. Global Change Biology, 25(3), 1016\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.14545","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"15969_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02006-5","volume":"13","author":"E Marangon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marangon, E., R\u00e4decker, N., Li, J. Y. Q., Terzin, M., Buerger, P., Webster, N. S., Bourne, D. G., & Laffy, P. W. (2025). Destabilization of mutualistic interactions shapes the early heat stress response of the coral holobiont. Microbiome, 13, 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-024-02006-5","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"345","key":"15969_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/51.345.659","volume":"51","author":"K Maxwell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Maxwell, K., & Johnson, G. N. (2000). Chlorophyll fluorescence\u2014A practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51(345), 659\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/51.345.659","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"},{"key":"15969_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2020.151489","volume":"535","author":"C McNicholl","year":"2021","unstructured":"McNicholl, C., & Koch, M. S. (2021). Irradiance, photosynthesis and elevated pCO\u2082 effects on net calcification in tropical reef macroalgae. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 535, Article 151489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jembe.2020.151489","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"key":"15969_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1626064","volume":"16","author":"JWP Nakoa III","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nakoa, J. W. P., III., Burns, J. H. R., Pascoe, M., Cortes, M., Ferreira, S. B., Pascoe, K. H., Kane, H. H., & Kapono, C. A. (2025). Sediment exposure decreases diversity in the surface mucus layer microbiome of Porites lobata at Honoli\u02bbi, Hawai\u02bbi. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, Article 1626064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1626064","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"15969_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75393-5_8","volume-title":"Coral bleaching: Patterns, processes, causes and consequences","author":"CA Oakley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oakley, C. A., & Davy, S. K. (2018). Cell biology of coral bleaching. In M. J. H. van Oppen & J. M. Lough (Eds.), Coral bleaching: Patterns, processes, causes and consequences (2nd ed., pp. 189\u2013211). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-75393-5_8","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"15969_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07570","volume":"369","author":"JM Pandolfi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pandolfi, J. M., & Budd, A. F. (2008). Morphology and ecological zonation of Caribbean reef corals: The Montastraea annularis species complex. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 369, 89\u2013102.","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"15969_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16880-y","volume":"15","author":"AJ Parry","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parry, A. J., Klein, S. G., & Duarte, C. M. (2025). Thermal extremes likely trigger metabolic imbalance in coral holobionts. Scientific Reports, 15, Article 33181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-16880-y","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"15969_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00341","volume":"8","author":"RS Peixoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peixoto, R. S., Rosado, P. M., Leite, D. C. A., Rosado, A. S., & Bourne, D. G. (2017). Beneficial microorganisms for corals: Proposed mechanisms for coral health and resilience. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00341","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"15969_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022653118","volume":"118","author":"N R\u00e4decker","year":"2021","unstructured":"R\u00e4decker, N., Pogoreutz, C., Gegner, H. M., C\u00e1rdenas, A., Roth, F., Bougoure, J., Guagliardo, P., Wild, C., Pernice, M., Raina, J.-B., Meibom, A., & Voolstra, C. R. (2021). Heat stress destabilizes symbiotic nutrient cycling in corals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(5), Article e2022653118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2022653118","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"15969_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3354\/meps062185","volume":"62","author":"CS Rogers","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rogers, C. S. (1990). Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 62, 185\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps062185","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"issue":"7001","key":"15969_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/430742a","volume":"430","author":"R Rowan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rowan, R. (2004). Thermal adaptation in reef coral symbionts. Nature, 430(7001), 742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/430742a","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"15969_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292474","volume":"19","author":"XM Serrano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Serrano, X. M., Rosales, S. M., Miller, M. W., Palacio-Castro, A. M., Williamson, O. M., Gomez, A., & Baker, A. C. (2024). Sediment source and dose influence the larval performance of the threatened coral Orbicella faveolata. PLoS ONE, 19(6), Article e0292474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292474","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"15969_CR47","unstructured":"Smith, S. V., & Kinsey, D. W. (1978). Calcification and organic carbon metabolism as indicated by carbon dioxide. In D. R. Stoddart & R. E. Johannes (Eds.), Coral reefs: Research methods (Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology No. 5, pp. 469\u2013484). UNESCO."},{"key":"15969_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2017.05.014","volume":"82","author":"M Spalding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spalding, M., Burke, L., Wood, S. A., Ashpole, J., Hutchison, J., & zu Ermgassen, P. (2017). Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Marine Policy, 82, 104\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2017.05.014","journal-title":"Marine Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"15969_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14871","volume":"26","author":"DJ Suggett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suggett, D. J., & Smith, D. J. (2020). Coral bleaching patterns are the outcome of complex biological and environmental networking. Global Change Biology, 26(1), 68\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.14871","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"15969_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09238-2","volume":"10","author":"S Sully","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sully, S., Burkepile, D. E., Donovan, M. K., Hodgson, G., & van Woesik, R. (2019). A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. Nature Communications, 10, Article 1264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-09238-2","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"15969_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14948","volume":"26","author":"S Sully","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sully, S., & van Woesik, R. (2020). Turbid reefs moderate coral bleaching under climate-related temperature stress. Global Change Biology, 26(3), 1367\u20131373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.14948","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"15969_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12797","volume":"88","author":"MBS Svendsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Svendsen, M. B. S., Bushnell, P. G., & Steffensen, J. F. (2016). Design and setup of intermittent-flow respirometry systems for aquatic organisms. Journal of Fish Biology, 88(1), 26\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfb.12797","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"15969_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13750-022-00256-0","volume":"11","author":"LJ Tuttle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tuttle, L. J., & Donahue, M. J. (2022). Effects of sediment exposure on corals: A systematic review of experimental studies. Environmental Evidence, 11, 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13750-022-00256-0","journal-title":"Environmental Evidence"},{"issue":"8","key":"15969_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1422301112","volume":"112","author":"MJH van Oppen","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Oppen, M. J. H., Oliver, J. K., Putnam, H. M., & Gates, R. D. (2015). Building coral reef resilience through assisted evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(8), 2307\u20132313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1422301112","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"14","key":"15969_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8007","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8007","volume":"96","author":"ME Warner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Warner, M. E., Fitt, W. K., & Schmidt, G. W. (1999). Damage to photosystem II in symbiotic dinoflagellates: A determinant of coral bleaching. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96(14), 8007\u20138012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"24","key":"15969_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1558","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100715109","volume":"109","author":"M Weber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Weber, M., de Beer, D., Lott, C., Polerecky, L., Kohls, K., Abed, R. M. M., Ferdelman, T. G., & Fabricius, K. E. (2012). Mechanisms of damage to corals exposed to sedimentation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(24), E1558\u2013E1567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1100715109","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"19","key":"15969_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.009597","volume":"211","author":"VM Weis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weis, V. M. (2008). Cellular mechanisms of cnidarian bleaching: Stress causes the collapse of symbiosis. Journal of Experimental Biology, 211(19), 3059\u20133066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jeb.009597","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"15969_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13331","volume":"33","author":"AJ Woodhead","year":"2019","unstructured":"Woodhead, A. J., Hicks, C. C., Norstr\u00f6m, A. V., Williams, G. J., & Graham, N. A. J. (2019). Coral reef ecosystem services in the Anthropocene. Functional Ecology, 33(6), 1023\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2435.13331","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"}],"container-title":["Environmental Monitoring and Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15969-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15969-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15969-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:06:55Z","timestamp":1791907615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15969-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["15969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15969-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-2959"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-2959","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All authors have read, understood, and complied, as applicable, with the journal\u2019s statement on the ethical responsibilities of authors. All authors meet the journal\u2019s authorship criteria and accept responsibility for the integrity of the work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Compliance with ethical standards","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants or vertebrate animals requiring institutional ethics approval.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial registration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The views, statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the State of Florida or the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclaimer","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1185"}}