{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T05:33:20Z","timestamp":1773466400177,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["818420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["818420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["262700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["236793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["236793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute for Social Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Population"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous research has pointed to educational expansions and increased educational attainment among women as an important factor contributing to reductions in fertility levels and changes in family formation patterns in the second half of the twentieth century. We investigate one potential mechanism that may have contributed to these developments\u2014the establishment of local colleges providing access to higher education for broader segments of the population. We study the establishment of regional colleges in Norway 1973\u201383. Taking advantage of population-wide administrative register data, historical data sources and recent developments in difference-in-differences methodology, we employ an event study design to assess the impact of local colleges on cohort fertility and age-specific fertility outcomes, as well as age at marriage and regional mobility as potential mechanisms. Our findings suggest that access to local colleges did not impact fertility, family formation or mobility to any substantial degree.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-025-09737-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T04:39:39Z","timestamp":1748839179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Educational Expansions and Fertility: Evidence from Norwegian College Reforms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Farner","family":"Rogne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-9960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes","family":"Fauske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3140-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rannveig Kaldager","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"434","key":"9737_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902","volume":"91","author":"JD Angrist","year":"1996","unstructured":"Angrist, J. D., Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (1996). Identification of causal effects using instrumental variables. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91(434), 444\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"9737_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829828","volume-title":"Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist\u2019s companion","author":"JD Angrist","year":"2009","unstructured":"Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist\u2019s companion. Princeton University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9737_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2011.579148","volume":"65","author":"N Balbo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Balbo, N., & Mills, M. (2011). The effects of social capital and social pressure on the intention to have a second or third child in France, Germany, and Bulgaria, 2004\u201305. Population Studies, 65(3), 335\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00324728.2011.579148","journal-title":"Population Studies"},{"key":"9737_CR4","unstructured":"Becker, G. S. (1960). An economic analysis of fertility. In Demographic and economic change in developed countries (pp. 209\u2013240). Columbia University Press."},{"key":"9737_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674020665","volume-title":"A treatise on the family","author":"GS Becker","year":"1991","unstructured":"Becker, G. S. (1991). A treatise on the family (Enlarged). Harvard University Press.","edition":"Enlarged"},{"issue":"4","key":"9737_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12431","volume":"47","author":"J Bergsvik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bergsvik, J., Fauske, A., & Hart, R. K. (2021). Can policies stall the fertility fall? A systematic review of the (quasi-) experimental literature. Population and Development Review, 47(4), 913\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/padr.12431","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"9737_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2023.06.026","volume":"212","author":"T Bharati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bharati, T., Chang, S., & Li, Q. (2023). Does tertiary education expansion affect the fertility of women past the college-entry age? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 212, 1029\u20131055.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization"},{"key":"9737_CR8","first-page":"144","volume":"II","author":"GE Birkelund","year":"2016","unstructured":"Birkelund, G. E., & Petersen, T. (2016). Likestilling. Utdanning, Politikk Og Arbeid. I I. Fr\u00f8nes & L. Kj\u00f8lsr\u00f8d (Red.). Det Norske Samfunn, Bind, II, 144\u2013163.","journal-title":"Det Norske Samfunn, Bind"},{"key":"9737_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blossfeld, H.-P., & Kiernan, K. (2019). The new role of women: Family formation in modern societies. Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429313141"},{"key":"9737_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borusyak, K., Jaravel, X., & Spiess, J. (2022). Revisiting event study designs: Robust and efficient estimation (SSRN Scholarly Paper 2826228). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2826228","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2826228"},{"key":"9737_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bratsberg, B., Kotsadam, A., & Walther, S. (2021). Male fertility: Facts, distribution and drivers of inequality. Distribution and Drivers of Inequality (March 8, 2021).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3799853"},{"issue":"651","key":"9737_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1093\/ej\/ueac071","volume":"133","author":"B Bratsberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bratsberg, B., Markussen, S., Raaum, O., R\u00f8ed, K., & R\u00f8geberg, O. (2023). Trends in assortative mating and offspring outcomes. The Economic Journal, 133(651), 928\u2013950.","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"key":"9737_CR13","unstructured":"Brattsv\u00e5g, Tor. (1975b). S\u00f8kning til og opptak ved Distriktsh\u00f8gskolene 1974. Agder Distriktsh\u00f8gskole."},{"key":"9737_CR14","unstructured":"Brattsv\u00e5g, Tor. (1975a). S\u00f8kning til og opptak ved Distriktsh\u00f8gskolene 1973. Agder Distriktsh\u00f8gskole."},{"key":"9737_CR15","unstructured":"Brattsv\u00e5g, Tor. (1976). S\u00f8kning til og opptak ved Distriktsh\u00f8gskolene 1975. Agder Distriktsh\u00f8gskole."},{"key":"9737_CR16","unstructured":"Brattsv\u00e5g, Tor. (1977). S\u00f8kning til og opptak ved Distriktsh\u00f8gskolene 1976. Agder Distriktsh\u00f8gskole."},{"key":"9737_CR17","unstructured":"Brattsv\u00e5g, Tor. (1978). S\u00f8kning til og opptak ved Distriktsh\u00f8gskolene 1977. Agder Distriktsh\u00f8gskole."},{"key":"9737_CR18","unstructured":"Brattsv\u00e5g, Tor & Carlsson, T.-W. (1981). S\u00f8kning til og opptak ved Distriktsh\u00f8gskolene 1980. Agder Distriktsh\u00f8gskole."},{"issue":"2","key":"9737_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001","volume":"225","author":"B Callaway","year":"2021","unstructured":"Callaway, B., & Sant\u2019Anna, P. H. C. (2021). Difference-in-differences with multiple time periods. Journal of Econometrics, 225(2), 200\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvac032","volume":"21","author":"P Carneiro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carneiro, P., Liu, K., & Salvanes, K. G. (2023). The supply of skill and endogenous technical change: Evidence from a college expansion reform. Journal of the European Economic Association, 21(1), 48\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jeea\/jvac032","journal-title":"Journal of the European Economic Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"9737_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1086\/679627","volume":"123","author":"P Carneiro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carneiro, P., L\u00f8ken, K. V., & Salvanes, K. G. (2015). A flying start? Maternity leave benefits and long-run outcomes of children. Journal of Political Economy, 123(2), 365\u2013412.","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"key":"9737_CR22","unstructured":"De Chaisemartin, C., D\u2019Haultfoeuille, X., & Guyonvarch, Y. (2019). DID_MULTIPLEGT: Stata module to estimate sharp Difference-in-Difference designs with multiple groups and periods."},{"key":"9737_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Chaisemartin, C., & d\u2019Haultfoeuille, X. (2022). Difference-in-differences estimators of intertemporal treatment effects. National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29873"},{"key":"9737_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0537-z","volume":"54","author":"S Cools","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cools, S., & Kaldager Hart, R. (2017). The effect of childhood family size on fertility in adulthood: New evidence from IV estimation. Demography, 54, 23\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13524-016-0537-z","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"9737_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2013.04.015","volume":"25","author":"K Cygan-Rehm","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cygan-Rehm, K., & Maeder, M. (2013). The effect of education on fertility: Evidence from a compulsory schooling reform. Labour Economics, 25, 35\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.labeco.2013.04.015","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"key":"9737_CR26","unstructured":"OECD Data. (2023a). Adult education level. Accessed June 20, 2023."},{"key":"9737_CR27","unstructured":"OECD Data. (2023b). Fertility rates. Accessed June 20, 2023."},{"key":"9737_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doepke, M., Hannusch, A., Kindermann, F., & Tertilt, M. (2023). The economics of fertility: A new era. In Handbook of the economics of the family (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 151\u2013254). North-Holland.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29948"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-017-9422-8","volume":"34","author":"J Eckhard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eckhard, J., & Stauder, J. (2018). Migration and the partner market: How gender-selective relocations affect regional mating chances in Germany. European Journal of Population, 34(1), 59\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10680-017-9422-8","journal-title":"European Journal of Population"},{"key":"9737_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellings\u00e6ter, A. L., & Leira, A. (2006). Politicising parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender relations in welfare states. Policy Press.","DOI":"10.46692\/9781847421593"},{"key":"9737_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher, J., & Noghanibehambari, H. (2021). The effects of education on mortality: Evidence using college expansions. National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w29423"},{"issue":"595","key":"9737_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12394","volume":"126","author":"M Fort","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fort, M., Schneeweis, N., & Winter-Ebmer, R. (2016). Is Education always reducing fertility? Evidence from compulsory schooling reforms. The Economic Journal, 126(595), 1823\u20131855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecoj.12394","journal-title":"The Economic Journal"},{"key":"9737_CR33","unstructured":"Frisli, S. & Rogne, A. F. (2024). Higher educational institutions in Norway 1965\u20131994, version 1.0. Documentation."},{"key":"9737_CR34","unstructured":"Frisli, S., & Rogne, A. F. (2023). Higher educational institutions in Norway 1965-1994. https:\/\/osf.io\/k8t6n\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"9737_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2021.03.014","volume":"225","author":"A Goodman-Bacon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goodman-Bacon, A. (2021). Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing. Journal of Econometrics, 225(2), 254\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeconom.2021.03.014","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"9737_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.07.010","volume":"37","author":"H Gr\u00f6nqvist","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6nqvist, H., & Hall, C. (2013). Education policy and early fertility: Lessons from an expansion of upper secondary schooling. Economics of Education Review, 37, 13\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2013.07.010","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"key":"9737_CR37","unstructured":"Helland, H., & Wiborg, \u00d8. (2014). Retningsvalg i h\u00f8yere utdanning\u2013hvor langt faller eplet fra stammen. In Kvalitet, kapasitet og relevans. Utviklingstrekk i Norsk H\u00f8yere Utdanning, (pp. 162\u2013184)."},{"key":"9737_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2017.08.008","volume":"48","author":"MK Humlum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Humlum, M. K., Kristoffersen, J. H., & Vejlin, R. (2017). College admissions decisions, educational outcomes, and family formation. Labour Economics, 48, 215\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.labeco.2017.08.008","journal-title":"Labour Economics"},{"key":"9737_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139025751","volume-title":"Causal inference in statistics, social, and biomedical sciences","author":"GW Imbens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (2015). Causal inference in statistics, social, and biomedical sciences. Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"9737_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-018-9492-2","volume":"35","author":"M Jalovaara","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jalovaara, M., Neyer, G., Andersson, G., Dahlberg, J., Dommermuth, L., Fallesen, P., & Lappeg\u00e5rd, T. (2019). Education, gender, and cohort fertility in the Nordic countries. European Journal of Population, 35(3), 563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10680-018-9492-2","journal-title":"European Journal of Population"},{"key":"9737_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2018.12.002","volume":"69","author":"J James","year":"2019","unstructured":"James, J., & Vuji\u0107, S. (2019). From high school to the high chair: Education and fertility timing. Economics of Education Review, 69, 1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2018.12.002","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12492","volume":"56","author":"K Kan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kan, K., & Lee, M.-J. (2018). The effects of education on fertility: Evidence from Taiwan. Economic Inquiry, 56(1), 343\u2013357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecin.12492","journal-title":"Economic Inquiry"},{"key":"9737_CR43","unstructured":"Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet. (1966). Innstilling om videreutdanning for artianere m.v. Innstilling nr. 1 fra komit\u00e9en til \u00e5 utrede sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l om videreutdanning for artianere og andre med tilsvarende grunnutdanning. Oslo: Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet."},{"key":"9737_CR44","unstructured":"Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet. (1967). Innstilling om videreutdanning for artianere m.v. Innstilling nr. 2 fra komit\u00e9en til \u00e5 utrede sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l om videreutdanning for artianere og andre med tilsvarende grunnutdanning. Oslo: Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet."},{"key":"9737_CR45","unstructured":"Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet. (1968). Innstilling om videreutdanning for artianere m.v. Innstilling nr. 3 fra komit\u00e9en til \u00e5 utrede sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l om videreutdanning for artianere og andre med tilsvarende grunnutdanning. Oslo: Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet."},{"key":"9737_CR46","unstructured":"Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet. (1969b). St. Prp. Nr. 136 (1968\u201369) Om pr\u00f8vedrift med distriktsh\u00f8gskolar. Oslo: Kyrkje- og undervisningsdepartementet."},{"key":"9737_CR47","unstructured":"Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet. (1969a). Innstilling om videreutdanning for artianere m.v. Innstilling nr. 4 fra komit\u00e9en til \u00e5 utrede sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l om videreutdanning for artianere og andre med tilsvarende grunnutdanning. Oslo: Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet."},{"key":"9737_CR48","unstructured":"Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet. (1972). Innstilling om videreutdanning for artianere m.v. Innstilling nr. 5 fra komit\u00e9en til \u00e5 utrede sp\u00f8rsm\u00e5l om videreutdanning for artianere og andre med tilsvarende grunnutdanning. Oslo: Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet."},{"key":"9737_CR49","unstructured":"Kirke- og undervisningsdepartementet. (1973). St. Meld. Nr. 66 (1972\u201373) Om den videre utbygging og organisering av h\u00f8gre utdanning. Oslo."},{"key":"9737_CR50","unstructured":"Knutsen, T. K., Modalsli, J., & R\u00f8nning, M. (2022). Distance and choice of field: Evidence from a Norwegian college expansion. Discussion Papers no. 932. Statistics Norway."},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cesifo\/ifab014","volume":"68","author":"J Koebe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koebe, J., & Marcus, J. (2022). The length of schooling and the timing of family formation. Cesifo Economic Studies, 68(1), 1\u201345.","journal-title":"Cesifo Economic Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.58.3.1219-10604R1","volume":"58","author":"A Kotsadam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kotsadam, A., & Moen, E. R. (2023). The economics of hypergamy. Journal of Human Resources, 58(1), 260\u2013281.","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"9737_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2020.102059","volume":"79","author":"Y Kountouris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kountouris, Y. (2020). Higher education and fertility: Evidence from reforms in Greece. Economics of Education Review, 79, 102059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.econedurev.2020.102059","journal-title":"Economics of Education Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"9737_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240807300508","volume":"73","author":"\u00d8 Kravdal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kravdal, \u00d8., & Rindfuss, R. R. (2008). Changing relationships between education and fertility: A study of women and men born 1940 to 1964. American Sociological Review, 73(5), 854\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000312240807300508","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"9737_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2002.7.2","volume":"7","author":"M Kreyenfeld","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kreyenfeld, M. (2002). Time-squeeze, partner effect or self-selection? An investigation into the positive effect of women\u2019s education on second birth risks in West Germany. Demographic Research, 7, 15\u201348.","journal-title":"Demographic Research"},{"key":"9737_CR56","unstructured":"Kyvik, S. (2014). Utvikling av universitets-og h\u00f8yskolesystemet i et europeisk perspektiv. InKvalitet Kapasitet Og Relevans Utviklingstrekk i Norsk H\u00f8yere Utdanning, (pp. 80\u201394)."},{"key":"9737_CR57","unstructured":"L\u00e5nekassen.no. (2023). Om L\u00e5nekassen. Accessed June 20, 2023."},{"key":"9737_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lappeg\u00e5rd, T., R\u00f8nsen, M., & Skrede, K. (2011). Fatherhood and fertility. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research & Practice about Men as Fathers, 9(1).","DOI":"10.3149\/fth.0901.103"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-004-6756-9","volume":"21","author":"T Lappeg\u00e5rd","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lappeg\u00e5rd, T., & R\u00f8nsen, M. (2005). The multifaceted impact of education on entry into motherhood. European Journal of Population \/ Revue Europ\u00e9enne de D\u00e9mographie, 21(1), 31\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10680-004-6756-9","journal-title":"European Journal of Population \/ Revue Europ\u00e9enne De D\u00e9mographie"},{"issue":"2","key":"9737_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2010.00328.x","volume":"36","author":"R Lesthaeghe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lesthaeghe, R. (2010). The unfolding story of the second demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 36(2), 211\u2013251.","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"issue":"51","key":"9737_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18112","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1420441111","volume":"111","author":"R Lesthaeghe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lesthaeghe, R. (2014). The second demographic transition: A concise overview of its development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(51), 18112\u201318115.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"9737_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1086\/732218","volume":"132","author":"OS Lilleb\u00f8","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lilleb\u00f8, O. S., Markussen, S., R\u00f8ed, K., & Zhao, Y. (2024). Not a flying start after all. Journal of Political Economy, 132, 4205.","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"4","key":"9737_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9442.2008.00563.x","volume":"110","author":"K Monstad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Monstad, K., Propper, C., & Salvanes, K. G. (2008). Education and fertility: Evidence from a natural experiment*. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 110(4), 827\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9442.2008.00563.x","journal-title":"The Scandinavian Journal of Economics"},{"key":"9737_CR64","unstructured":"N\u00e5vik, \u00d8. (1996). Vernepliktens historie: 950\u20131996. Elanders forl."},{"key":"9737_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nesheim, B.-I. (2017). Popul\u00e6r pille med tvilsom historie. Tidsskrift for den norske legeforening. https:\/\/tidsskriftet.no\/2017\/10\/leder\/populaer-pille-med-tvilsom-historie","DOI":"10.4045\/tidsskr.17.0665"},{"key":"9737_CR66","unstructured":"Nesheim, B.-I. (2023). Spiral\u2014prevensjonsmiddel. In Store medisinske leksikon. https:\/\/sml.snl.no\/spiral_-_prevensjonsmiddel"},{"issue":"3","key":"9737_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2012.697569","volume":"66","author":"M N\u00ed Bhrolch\u00e1in","year":"2012","unstructured":"N\u00ed Bhrolch\u00e1in, M., & Beaujouan, \u00c9. (2012). Fertility postponement is largely due to rising educational enrolment. Population Studies, 66(3), 311\u2013327.","journal-title":"Population Studies"},{"key":"9737_CR68","unstructured":"NIPH. (2023). [Medical birth register\u2014Statistics. Table 4b: Mother\u2019s Union Status]. The Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Accessed June 20, 2023."},{"key":"9737_CR69","unstructured":"Noack, T. (2010). En stille revolusjon: Det moderne samboerskapet i Norge.\u00a0Institutt for sosiologi og samfunnsgeografi, p. 290."},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.23.1.431","volume":"23","author":"VK Oppenheimer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Oppenheimer, V. K. (1997). Women\u2019s employment and the gain to marriage: The specialization and trading model. Annual Review of Sociology, 23(1), 431\u2013453.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"9737_CR71","unstructured":"Raabe, M. (2002). F\u00e6rre tar utdanning etter avsluttet videreg\u00e5ende oppl\u00e6ring: Bare en av tre elever fortsetter med utdanning."},{"issue":"3","key":"9737_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2010.512392","volume":"64","author":"M Rendall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rendall, M., Aracil, E., Bagavos, C., Couet, C., DeRose, A., DiGiulio, P., Lappegard, T., Robert-Bob\u00e9e, I., R\u00f8nsen, M., & Smallwood, S. (2010). Increasingly heterogeneous ages at first birth by education in Southern European and Anglo-American family-policy regimes: A seven-country comparison by birth cohort. Population Studies, 64(3), 209\u2013227.","journal-title":"Population Studies"},{"key":"9737_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rogne, A. F. & Frisli, S. (2024). Educational expansion reforms and intergenerational educational mobility in Norway. SocArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/athxq","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/athxq"},{"key":"9737_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rogne, A. F., Knutsen, T. K., & Modalsli, J. (2024). A college on every cape: Gender equality, gender segregation and higher educational expansion. SocArXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/xej64","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/xej64"},{"issue":"2","key":"9737_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2023.03.008","volume":"235","author":"J Roth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roth, J., Sant\u2019Anna, P. H. C., Bilinski, A., & Poe, J. (2023). What\u2019s trending in difference-in-differences? A synthesis of the recent econometrics literature. Journal of Econometrics, 235(2), 2218\u20132244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeconom.2023.03.008","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"9737_CR76","unstructured":"Smeby, Jens-Christian & Terum, Lars Inge. (2023). Akademisering. Accessed June 20, 2023."},{"key":"#cr-split#-9737_CR77.1","unstructured":"Statistics Norway. (2023). 04232: Samlet fruktbarhetstall, kvinner"},{"key":"#cr-split#-9737_CR77.2","unstructured":"(F) 1968-2022. Accessed June 20, 2023."},{"key":"9737_CR78","unstructured":"Terum, L. I., & Smeby, J.-C. (2014). Akademisering, kvalitet og relevans: Debatten om utdanningene til velferdsstatens profesjoner. In. Kvalitet, Kapasitet Og Relevans. Utviklingstrekk i Norsk H\u00f8yere Utdanning. Cappelen Damm Akademisk: Oslo."},{"key":"9737_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virtanen, H., Silliman, M., Kuuppelom\u00e4ki, T., & Huttunen, K. (2024). Education, gender and family formation. Discussion Paper No. 2011.\u00a0Centre for Economic Performance.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4882439"},{"key":"9737_CR80","volume-title":"Seksualitet, familieplanlegging og prevensjon i Norge","author":"L Wall\u00f8e","year":"1978","unstructured":"Wall\u00f8e, L., & Bauck, P. (1978). Seksualitet, familieplanlegging og prevensjon i Norge. Universitetsforlaget."},{"key":"9737_CR81","unstructured":"World Bank. (2023). Fertility rate, total (births per woman). Norway. Accessed June 20, 2023.https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN"},{"issue":"1","key":"9737_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053442","volume":"43","author":"B Zaidi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zaidi, B., & Morgan, S. P. (2017). The second demographic transition theory: A review and appraisal. Annual Review of Sociology, 43(1), 473\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-060116-053442","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Population"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10680-025-09737-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10680-025-09737-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10680-025-09737-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:49:46Z","timestamp":1766998186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10680-025-09737-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10680-025-09737-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-6577","1572-9885"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-6577","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9885","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The authors report no ethical issues. Necessary recommendations and approvals for the use of administrative register data were obtained from the National Research Ethical Committee, the Norwegian Data Protection Agency and the Data Protection Official of the University of Oslo. The University of Oslo\u2019s Data Protection Official approved the data protection impact assessments for the project. Permission to use data without informed consent was based on the assessment that the issues related to lack of informed consent were outweighed by the societal relevance of the research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}],"article-number":"14"}}