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Since it is not yet possible to distinguish spermatogonial stem cells of European eel (<jats:italic>Anguilla anguilla<\/jats:italic>) using specific molecular markers, we isolated spermatogonial cells from immature European eels to find these potential markers. We attempted this by studying three candidate genes: <jats:italic>vasa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>nanos2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>dnd1<\/jats:italic>. Two <jats:italic>vasa<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>vasa1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>vasa2<\/jats:italic>) genes, <jats:italic>nanos2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>dnd1<\/jats:italic> were identified, characterized, and studied in the muscle, testis, and isolated spermatogonia. Our results showed that <jats:italic>vasa1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>vasa2<\/jats:italic> had the highest levels of expression when measured by qPCR. In situ hybridization and immunochemistry assays showed that the four genes were localized explicitly in type A spermatogonia. However, <jats:italic>vasa1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>vasa2<\/jats:italic> exhibited stronger signals in the immature testicular tissue than the other two potential markers. According to this, <jats:italic>vasa1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>vasa2<\/jats:italic> were found to be the most effective markers for spermatogonial cells in the European eel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-024-01338-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T09:02:01Z","timestamp":1713517321000},"page":"2099-2115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of potential spermatogonia biomarker genes in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0858-0076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Blanes-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3980-8325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoran","family":"Marinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8773-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Germ\u00e1n","family":"Herranz-Jusdado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonor","family":"Ferr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6678-7446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rasheed","family":"Baloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9760-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3808-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"P\u0161eni\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6441-5294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan F.","family":"Asturiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3313-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Morini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1338_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti263","volume":"21","author":"F Abascal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Abascal F, Zardoya R, Posada D (2005) ProtTest: selection of best-fit models of protein evolution. 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Gene 679:36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2018.08.068","journal-title":"Gene"}],"container-title":["Fish Physiology and Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-024-01338-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10695-024-01338-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-024-01338-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T02:05:29Z","timestamp":1732068329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10695-024-01338-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-024-01338-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-1742","1573-5168"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-1742","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-5168","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Experimental animals were handled in accordance with the European Union regulations concerning the protection of experimental animals (Dir 86\/609\/EEC) and with the recommendations given in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Spanish Royal Decree 53\/2013 regarding the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (BOE 2013). The applied protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee from the Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia and final permission was given by the local government (Generalitat Valenciana, Permit Number: 2019\/VSC\/PEA\/0073). All efforts were made to minimize fish suffering.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}