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As an alternative, different types of conditioning, also referred as pre-treatment, have been assessed to ease hormonal treatment response. Recent studies have shown that migrating eels experience a wide range of temperatures, varying from 12\u00a0\u00b0C at night to as low as to 8\u00a0\u00b0C during the day. Therefore, this study evaluates the effects of low-temperature (10\u00a0\u00b0C) seawater pre-treatments of different durations (2 and 4\u00a0weeks) on male eel reproduction. The eye, gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes from control (without thermic seawater pre-treatment) and pre-treated fish were measured. Blood and testis samples were also collected for sex steroid and histology analysis, respectively. Eels pre-treated for 2\u00a0weeks demonstrated increased progestin levels, comparing with the control group. Eels pre-treated for 4\u00a0weeks showed significantly higher gonadosomatic index and elevated androgens and estradiol levels in comparison with the remaining groups. In eels pre-treated for 2 and 4\u00a0weeks, there was an increase in the proportion of spermatogonia type B cells compared to undifferentiated spermatogonia type A, a differentiation process that was not observed in the control group. Cold seawater pre-treatment induced early sexual maturation, including steroid production, which consequently stimulated biometric changes and increased spermatogonia differentiation. Following the pre-treatments, eels started receiving standard hormonal treatment (with recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin at 20\u00a0\u00b0C). Pre-treated males started to spermiate earlier than the control group. In some treatment weeks, pre-treated individuals registered higher values of sperm density, motility, and kinetic parameters. Moreover, an economic evaluation was carried out relating the investment made in terms of hormone injections with the volume of high-quality sperm obtained from each experimental group. The low temperature pre-treatments demonstrated their economic effectiveness in terms of hormone treatment profitability, increasing the production of high-quality sperm in the European eel. Thus, this in vivo study suggests that cold seawater pre-treatment may increase sensitivity to the hormone applied during standard maturation treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-024-01402-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T09:05:12Z","timestamp":1725527112000},"page":"2489-2503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of cold seawater pre-treatments on induction of early sexual maturation and sperm production in European eel (Anguilla anguilla)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Ferr\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Morini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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The protocol was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee from the Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia (UPV) and final permission was given by the local government (Generalitat Valenciana, Permit Number: 2019\/VSC\/PEA\/0073). All efforts were made to minimize suffering.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}