{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T02:58:01Z","timestamp":1789959481780,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arish University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fish Physiol Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of dietary organic acid (OA) blend on hemato-immunological responses, reproduction capacity, gene expression, and histological features of red tilapia (<jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u00d7\u2009<jats:italic>O. mossambicus<\/jats:italic>) broodstock. Four diets were formulated, containing 0 (control), 2, 3, and 4\u00a0g OAs kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. The diets were fed to triplicate groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093) of red tilapia broodstock (75\u2009\u00b1\u20095.56\u00a0g( (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation (SD)) stocked in 10-m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> concrete tanks at a male to female ratio of 1:3, to satiation, twice a day, for 8\u00a0weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, fish in each tank were collected, counted, and weighed. Blood samples were collected from five fish from each tank and used for the determination of hematological and biochemical parameters. The fish were then dissected to study the reproductive performance and reproduction-related genes. The red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV%), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and lysozyme activity were significantly increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) with increasing dietary OAs to 4\u00a0g\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), white blood cells (WBCs), total protein, albumin, and globulin), and digestive enzyme activity values leveled off or slightly decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) at OA levels above 3\u00a0g\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Optimum liver enzyme activity was obtained at 2\u00a0g\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> OA. The reproductive hormones: testosterone (T), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and progesterone (Prog), organo-somatic index (GSI), reproductive performance, and the expression of reproductive genes (<jats:italic>vasa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>nanos1a<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>nanos2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>dnd1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pum1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>amh<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>VTG<\/jats:italic>) exhibited dose-dependent responses (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), suggesting that 4\u00a0g OA kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> boosted the optimum reproductive performance. In conclusion, about 2\u20133\u00a0g OA kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> diet can improve the hemato-biochemical parameters, immune response, antioxidant status, and digestive enzyme activity in red tilapia broodstock, whereas 4\u00a0g\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> could accelerate their reproductive performance through upregulation of reproductive genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-025-01459-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T11:32:23Z","timestamp":1738668743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dietary organic acid blend modulates hemato-immunological parameters, digestive and reproductive performances in red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus\u2009\u00d7\u2009O. mossambicus) broodstock"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Abdel-Fattah M.","family":"El-Sayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7229-2175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El-Sayed Hemdan","family":"Eissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basma M.","family":"Hendam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1669-5850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hagar Sedeek","family":"Dighiesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba E.","family":"Abd Elnabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4369-8221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin M.","family":"Abd El-Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-6892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moaheda E. H.","family":"Eissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara F.","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd El-Aziz YM, Jaber FA, Nass NM, Awlya OF, Abusudah WF, Qadhi AH, ... Dighiesh HS (2024) Strengthening growth, digestion, body composition, haemato-biochemical indices, gene expression, and resistance to Fusarium oxysporum infection and histological structure in Oreochromis niloticus by using fructooligosaccharides and \u03b2-1, 3 glucan mixture. Aquacult Int 32(6):7487\u20137508","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01526-z"},{"key":"1459_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-010-9387-6","volume":"36","author":"AM Abdelhamid","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abdelhamid AM, Mehrim AI, El-Barbary MI, El-Sharawy MA (2010) An attempt to improve the reproductive efficiency of Nile tilapia brood stock fish. Fish Physiol Biochem 36:1097\u20131104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-010-9387-6","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1459_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.22034\/IAR.2024.2005296.1584","volume":"16","author":"NE Abdelmeguid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelmeguid NE, Ghanem SF, Assem SS, Abou Shabana NM, Ismail RF, Sultan AS (2024) Ameliorative effects of chitosan in water remediation, endocrine disruption and reproductive impairment of Solea solea after exposure to benzo (a) pyrene. Inter Aqua Res 16(1):71\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22034\/IAR.2024.2005296.1584","journal-title":"Inter Aqua Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1459_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13282","volume":"27","author":"MY Abduh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abduh MY, Koh ICC, Abol-Munafi AB, Norazmi-Lokman NH, Mat Noordin N (2021) Effects of dietary fish oil and corn oil on gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic index, gonadal histology, 17\u03b2-oestradiol level and fatty acids profile of mahseer (Tor tambroides) broodstock in captivity. Aquac Nutr 27(5):1448\u20131459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.13282","journal-title":"Aquac Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"1459_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14250","volume":"50","author":"KGS Addam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Addam KGS, Pereira SA, Jesus GFA, Cardoso L, Syracuse N, Lopes GR, Lehmann NB, da Silva BC, de S\u00e1 LS, Chaves FCM, Martins ML (2019) Dietary organic acids blend alone or in combination with an essential oil on the survival, growth, gut\/liver structure and de hemato-immunological in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Aquac Res 50(10):2960\u20132971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.14250","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"1459_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734412","volume":"513","author":"E Ahmadifar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmadifar E, Dawood MA, Moghadam MS, Sheikhzadeh N, Hoseinifar SH, Musthafa MS (2019) Modulation of immune parameters and antioxidant defense in zebrafish (Danio rerio) using dietary apple cider vinegar. Aquaculture 513:734412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734412","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1459_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.04.049","volume":"507","author":"E Ahmadifar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmadifar E, Sheikhzadeh N, Roshanaei K, Dargahi N, Faggio C (2019b) Can dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale) alter biochemical and immunological parameters and gene expression related to growth, immunity and antioxidant system in zebrafish (Danio rerio)? Aquaculture 507:341\u2013348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.04.049","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"4","key":"1459_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2020.1818689","volume":"29","author":"E Ahmadifar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmadifar E, Yousefi M, Karimi M, Fadaei Raieni R, Dadar M, Yilmaz S, Dawood MA, Abdel-Latif HM (2021) Benefits of dietary polyphenols and polyphenol-rich additives to aquatic animal health: an overview. Rev Fish Sci Aquac 29(4):478\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23308249.2020.1818689","journal-title":"Rev Fish Sci Aquac"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1459_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2007.04.004","volume":"153","author":"J Aizen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aizen J, Kasuto H, Levavi-Sivan B (2007) Development of specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining LH and FSH levels in tilapia, using recombinant gonadotropins. General Comp Endoc 153(1\u20133):323\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ygcen.2007.04.004","journal-title":"General Comp Endoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"1459_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101808","volume":"10","author":"HS Al-Khalaifah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Khalaifah HS, Amer SA, Al-Sadek DM, Khalil AA, Zaki EM, El-Araby DA (2020) Optimizing the growth, health, reproductive performance, and gonadal histology of broodstock fantail goldfish (Carassius auratus, L.) by dietary cacao bean meal. Animals 10(10):1808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10101808","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1459_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(55)01021-5","volume":"1","author":"P Bernfeld","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bernfeld P (1955) Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Methods Enzymol 1:149\u2013158","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1459_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061094","volume":"13","author":"IA Bhat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhat IA, Dubiel MM, Rodriguez E, J\u00f3nsson ZO (2023) Insights into early ontogenesis of Salmo salar: RNA extraction, housekeeping gene validation and transcriptional expression of important primordial germ cell and sex-determination genes. Animals 13(6):1094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13061094","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1459_CR14","unstructured":"Boonyaratpalin M (1993) Nutritional requirements of grouper Epinephelus spp. In: The Proceedings of Grouper Culture; National Institute of Coastal Aquaculture. Department of Fisheries, Songkhla, Thailand, pp 50\u201355"},{"key":"1459_CR15","first-page":"1112","volume-title":"Amer Assn for Clinical Chemistry","author":"CA Burtis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Burtis CA, Ashwood ER (1994) Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry. Amer Assn for Clinical Chemistry. Mosby Co., St Louis, Toronto, Princeton, pp 1112\u20131116"},{"key":"1459_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1068537","volume":"3","author":"K Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao K, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang C, Lahaye L, Chowdhury MA, Li X, Leng X (2022) Supplementation of a multienzyme complex, an organic acid-essential oil complex, and prebiotic alone or in combination affects growth, nutrient utilization, and immune function of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac Nutr 3:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1068537","journal-title":"Aquac Nutr"},{"key":"1459_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.023","volume":"127","author":"J Casetta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Casetta J, Gasparino E, da Silva CI, Ribeiro RP, Braccini GL, Refundini G, de Souza Khatlab A, Lala B, Claudino-Silva S (2022) Immune response in sexual inverted and non-inverted Nile tilapia fingerlings supplemented with organic acid and essential oil. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 127:975\u2013981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"1459_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.05.038","volume":"433","author":"S Castillo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castillo S, Rosales M, Pohlenz C, Gatlin IIIDM (2014) Effects of organic acids on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture 433:6\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.05.038","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1459_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-016-2054-3","volume":"179","author":"W Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen W, Wang H, Zhang K, Gao F, Chen S, Li D (2016) Physicochemical properties and storage stability of microencapsulated DHA-rich oil with different wall materials. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 179:1129\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12010-016-2054-3","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"1459_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.04.019","volume":"159","author":"VG da Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"da Silva VG, Favero LM, Mainardi RM, Ferrari NA, Chideroli RT, Di Santis GW, de Souza FP, da Costa AR, Gon\u00e7alves DD, Nuez-Ortin WG, Isern-Subich MM (2023) Effect of an organic acid blend in Nile tilapia growth performance, immunity, gut microbiota, and resistance to challenge against francisellosis. Res Vet Sci 159:214\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.04.019","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"1459_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47960","DOI":"10.4025\/actascianimsci.v42i1.47960","volume":"42","author":"DDC Dias","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dias DDC, Furlaneto FDPB, Sussel FR, Tachibana L, Gon\u00e7alves GS, Ishikawa CM, Natori MM, Ranzani-Paiva MJT (2020) Economic feasibility of probiotic use in the diet of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, during the reproductive period. Acta Scient Anim Sci 42:e47960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4025\/actascianimsci.v42i1.47960","journal-title":"Acta Scient Anim Sci"},{"key":"1459_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dighiesh HS, Alharbi NA, Awlya OF, Alhassani WE, Hassoubah SA, Albaqami NM, ... Sakr SES (2024) Dietary multi-strains Bacillus spp. enhanced growth performance, blood metabolites, digestive tissues histology, gene expression of Oreochromis niloticus, and resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection. Aquac Int 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01502-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"1459_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)76122-X","volume":"98","author":"DL Drabkin","year":"1932","unstructured":"Drabkin DL, Austin JH (1932) Spectrophotometric studies I. Spectrophotometric constants for common hemoglobin derivatives in human, dog, and rabbit blood. J Biol Chem 98(2):719\u2013733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)76122-X","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1459_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-017-0365-0","volume":"43","author":"M Ebrahimi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ebrahimi M, Daeman NH, Chong CM, Karami A, Kumar V, Hoseinifar SH, Romano N (2017) Comparing the effects of different dietary organic acids on the growth, intestinal short-chain fatty acids, and liver histopathology of red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and potential use of these as preservatives. Fish Physiol Biochem 43:1195\u20131207","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"1459_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.21608\/EJBF.2022.257140","volume":"26","author":"ESH Eissa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eissa ESH, El-Kady AA, Ismail M, El-Badawi AA, Ahmed NH, El Barbary MI (2022) Effects of dietary supplementation of Bacti-nil\u00aeAqua on growth performance, feed utilization, immune responses, and body composition of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei Egypt. J Aquat Biol Fish 26(4):1289\u20131304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJBF.2022.257140","journal-title":"J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"issue":"1","key":"1459_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04257-8","volume":"20","author":"ESH Eissa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eissa ESH, Hendam BM, Dighiesh HS, Abd Elnabi HE, Abd El-Aziz YM, Eissa ME, Abdelnour SA, Ghanem SF (2024a) Comparative effects of curcumin, nano curcumin and their combination on reproductive traits and spawning performance of red tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus X O. Mossambicus). BMC Vet Res 20(1):427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04257-8","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"1459_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740453","volume":"581","author":"ESH Eissa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eissa ESH, El-Sayed AFM, Ghanem SF, Dighiesh HS, Abd Elnabi HE, Hendam BM, Elleithy AA, Eissa ME, Abd El-Aziz YM (2024b) Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides enhance hematological and biochemical parameters, reproductive physiology, and gene expression of hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. mossambicus). Aquaculture 581:740453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740453","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1459_CR28","first-page":"101","volume":"1","author":"AE Ellis","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ellis AE (1990) Lysozyme assays. Tech Fish Immunol 1:101\u2013103","journal-title":"Tech Fish Immunol"},{"key":"1459_CR29","first-page":"348","volume-title":"Tilapia culture","author":"A-FM El-Sayed","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Sayed A-FM (2020) Tilapia culture, 2nd edn. Elsevier\/Academic Press, London and Oxford, p 348","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"1459_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12031","volume":"19","author":"A-FM El-Sayed","year":"2013","unstructured":"El-Sayed A-FM, El Ghobashy AE, El-Mezayen MM (2013) Effects of feed colour on growth and feed utilization efficiency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fry and fingerlings. Aquac Nutr 19(6):870\u2013876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.12031","journal-title":"Aquac Nutr"},{"key":"1459_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-017-0365-0","volume":"26","author":"AFM El-Sayed","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Sayed AFM, El-Sayed Ali T, Eissa MAR, Almisherfi HM (2018) Effects of dietary Biogen and sodium butyrate on hematological parameters, immune response, and histological characteristics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Aquac Intern 26:139\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-017-0365-0","journal-title":"Aquac Intern"},{"issue":"1","key":"1459_CR32","first-page":"339","volume":"15","author":"V Enzeline","year":"2022","unstructured":"Enzeline V, Nasrullah H, Sudrajat AO, Zairin M Jr, Alimuddin A, Widanarni W (2022) Spermatogenesis and sperm quality of male African catfish fed with Bacillus sp. NP5 probiotic supplemented diet. Aquacult Aquar Conserv Legis 15(1):339\u2013349","journal-title":"Aquacult Aquar Conserv Legis"},{"key":"1459_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Enzeline V, Widanarni W, Sudrajat AO, Alimuddin A, Nasrullah H (2024) Improving reproductive performance and larvae survival by dietary administration of probiotic Bacillus cereus NP5 in female African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Aquac Inter 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-024-01532-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01532-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"1459_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/wasj.2022.156","volume":"4","author":"RV Fabay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fabay RV, Serrano AE Jr, Alejos MS, Fabay JV (2022) Effects of dietary acidification and acid source on fish growth and feed efficiency. World Acad Sci J 4(3):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/wasj.2022.156","journal-title":"World Acad Sci J"},{"key":"1459_CR36","unstructured":"FAO (2023) Fishery and aquaculture statistics.Global aquaculture production 1950\u20132021 (FishStatJ v.2023.1.1). www.fao.org\/fishery\/en\/statistics\/software\/fishstatj"},{"issue":"8","key":"1459_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/29.8.1494","volume":"29","author":"P Fossati","year":"1983","unstructured":"Fossati P, Prencipe L, Berti G (1983) Enzymic creatinine assay: a new colorimetric method based on hydrogen peroxide measurement. Clin Chem 29(8):1494\u20131496","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1459_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2007.01696.x","volume":"38","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Sinha A, Sahu C (2007) Effect of probiotic on reproductive performance in female livebearing ornamental fish. Aquac Res 38:518\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2007.01696.x","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"1459_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-015-0957-5","volume":"82","author":"A Hara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hara A, Hiramatsu N, Fujita T (2016) Vitellogenesis and choriogenesis in fishes. Fish Sci 82:187\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12562-015-0957-5","journal-title":"Fish Sci"},{"key":"1459_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2023.115696","volume":"303","author":"BM Hendam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hendam BM, Munir MB, Eissa ME, El-Haroun E, van Doan H, Chung TH, Eissa ESH (2023) Effects of water additive probiotic, Pediococcus acidilactici on growth performance, feed utilization, hematology, gene expression and disease resistance against Aspergillus flavus of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Anim Feed Sci Technol 303:115696","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"1459_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12820","volume":"24","author":"D Huan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huan D, Li X, Chowdhury MAK, Yang H, Liang G, Leng X (2018) Organic acid salts, protease and their combination in fish meal-free diets improved growth, nutrient retention and digestibility of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus). Aquacult Nutr 24:1813\u20131821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.12820","journal-title":"Aquacult Nutr"},{"key":"1459_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101846","volume":"33","author":"EE Hussein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hussein EE, Habiba MM, Ashry AM, Al-Zayat AM, Teiba II, Shehata AI, Shahin SA, El-Ratel IT, Mzengereza K, Tembo M, El Basuini MF (2023) Effects of dietary supplementation with organic acids mixture on growth, feed efficiency, hematobiochemical parameters, immunity, and intestinal microbiota of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Aquac Rep 33:101846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101846","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"1459_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102063","volume":"9","author":"D Huyben","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huyben D, Chiasson M, Lumsden JS, Pham PH, Chowdhury MAK (2021) Dietary microencapsulated blend of organic acids and plant essential oils affects intestinal morphology and microbiome of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Microorganisms 9(10):2063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9102063","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"1459_CR46","first-page":"365","volume-title":"Essentials of veterinary hematology","author":"NC Jain","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jain NC, Jain A (1993) Essentials of veterinary hematology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 365\u2013372"},{"key":"1459_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jastaniah SD, Mansour AA, Al-Tarawni AH, El-Haroun E, Munir MB, Saghir SAM, ... Eissa ESH (2024) The effects of nano-curcumin on growth performance, feed utilization, blood biochemistry, disease resistance, and gene expression in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fingerlings. Aquacult Rep 36:102034\u200f","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.102034"},{"key":"1459_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.07.008","volume":"117","author":"GFA Jesus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jesus GFA, Owatari MS, Pereira SA, Silva BC, Syracuse NM, Lopes GR, Addam K, Cardoso L, Mouri\u00f1o JLP, Martins ML (2021) Effects of sodium butyrate and Lippia origanoides essential oil blend on growth, intestinal microbiota, histology, and haemato-immunological response of Nile tilapia. Fish Shellfish Immunol 117:62\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.07.008","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1459_CR49","first-page":"361","volume":"7","author":"F Khajepour","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khajepour F, Hosseini SA, Hoseini SM (2011) Study on some hematological and biochemical parameters of juvenile beluga (Huso huso) fed citric acid supplemented diet. Glob Vet 7:361\u2013364","journal-title":"Glob Vet"},{"key":"1459_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19303","DOI":"10.4194\/TRJFAS19303","volume":"22","author":"PSW Kusuma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kusuma PSW, Hariani D, Mukti AT (2021) Evaluation of probiotic-fermented feed addition and laser-firing to accelerate mature broodstocks and seed productions of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 22:19303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4194\/TRJFAS19303","journal-title":"Turk J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1459_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1996.0077","volume":"8","author":"G Le Moullac","year":"1998","unstructured":"Le Moullac G, Soyez C, Saulnier D, Ansquer D, Avarre JC, Levy P (1998) Effect of hypoxic stress on the immune response and the resistance to vibriosis of the shrimp Penaeus stylirostris. Fish Shellfish Immunol 8(8):621\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/fsim.1996.0077","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1459_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737204","volume":"545","author":"MCM Libanori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Libanori MCM, Santos GG, Pereira SA, Lopes GR, Owatari MS, Soligo TA, Yamashita E, Pereira UP, Martins ML, Mouri\u00f1o JLP (2021) Dietary supplementation with benzoic organic acid improves the growth performance and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B). Aquaculture 545:737204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737204","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"4","key":"1459_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212 \u0394\u0394CT method. Methods 25(4):402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"1459_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12899","volume":"25","author":"SO Makled","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makled SO, Hamdan AM, El-Sayed AFM (2019a) Effects of dietary supplementation of a marine thermotolerant bacterium, Bacillus paralicheniformis SO-1, on growth performance and immune responses of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquac Nutr 25:817\u2013827","journal-title":"Aquac Nutr"},{"key":"1459_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09575-0","volume":"12","author":"SO Makled","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makled SO, Hamdan AM, El-Sayed AFM (2019b) Growth promotion and immune stimulation in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fingerlings following dietary administration of a novel marine probiotic, Psychrobacter maritimus S. Prob Antimicrob Prot 12:365\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-019-09575-0","journal-title":"Prob Antimicrob Prot"},{"key":"1459_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00004330","volume":"13","author":"JA Malison","year":"1994","unstructured":"Malison JA, Procarione LS, Barry TP, Kapuscinski AR, Kayes TB (1994) Endocrine and gonadal changes during the annual reproductive cycle of the freshwater teleost Stizostedion vitreum. Fish Physiol Biochem 13:473\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00004330","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1459_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-014-9989-5","volume":"41","author":"AI Mehrim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mehrim AI, Khalil FF, Hassan ME (2015) Hydroyeast Aquaculture\u00ae as a reproductive enhancer agent for the adult Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758). Fish Physiol Biochem 41:371\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-014-9989-5","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1459_CR59","first-page":"1","volume":"32","author":"MS Morales-Covarrubias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morales-Covarrubias MS, del Carmen Bolan-Mej\u00eda M, Garc\u00eda-Aguilar N, Isern-Subich MM, Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez G, Nuez-Ort\u00edn WG (2022) Efficacy of BACTI-NIL\u00ae AQUA in experimental infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus in juvenile of Litopenaeus vannamei. Rev Cient Facul Cienc Vet 32:1\u20139","journal-title":"Rev Cient Facul Cienc Vet"},{"key":"1459_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09852-x","volume":"14","author":"M Mugwanya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mugwanya M, Dawood MA, Kimera F, Sewilam H (2022) Updating the role of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for tilapia aquaculture as leading candidates for food sustainability: a review. Prob Antimicrob Prot 14:130\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-021-09852-x","journal-title":"Prob Antimicrob Prot"},{"issue":"13","key":"1459_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02249.x","volume":"40","author":"WK Ng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ng WK, Koh CB, Sudesh K, Siti-Zahrah A (2009) Effects of dietary organic acids on growth, nutrient digestibility and gut microflora of red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp., and subsequent survival during a challenge test with Streptococcus agalactiae. Aquac Res 40(13):1490\u20131500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02249.x","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"1459_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13833","volume":"46","author":"U Padeniya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Padeniya U, Davis DA, Liles MR, LaFrentz SA, LaFrentz BR, Shoemaker CA, Beck BH, Wells DE, Bruce TJ (2023) Probiotics enhance resistance to Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in biofloc systems. J Fish Dis 46(10):1137\u20131149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.13833","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1459_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01094-8","volume":"31","author":"M Radwan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Radwan M, Darweesh KF, Ghanem SF, Abdelhadi Y, Kareem ZH, Christianus A, Karim M, Waheed RM, El-Sharkawy MA (2023) Regulatory roles of Pawpaw (Carica papaya) seed extract on growth performance, sexual maturity, and health status with resistance against bacteria and parasites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquacult Int 31(5):2475\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-023-01094-8","journal-title":"Aquacult Int"},{"key":"1459_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.01.040","volume":"50","author":"RM Reda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reda RM, Mahmoud R, Selim KM, El-Araby IE (2016) Effects of dietary acidifiers on growth, hematology, immune response and disease resistance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 50:255\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.01.040","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1459_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15635","volume":"53","author":"RM Reda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reda RM, El-Murr A, Abd Elhakim Y, El-Shahat W (2022) Aeromonas veronii detection in Egyptian fish farms with summer tilapia mortality outbreaks and the role of formic acid in limiting its spread. Aquac Res 53(3):940\u2013956. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.15635","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"1459_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00383-5","volume":"190","author":"J Rehulka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rehulka J (2000) Influence of astaxanthin on growth rate, condition, and some blood indices of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss). Aquaculture 190:27\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00383-5","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"1459_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/28.1.56","volume":"28","author":"S Reitman","year":"1957","unstructured":"Reitman S, Frankel S (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 28(1):56\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/28.1.56","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1459_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-013-9809-3","volume":"39","author":"R Robles","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robles R, Lozano A, Sevilla A, M\u00e1rquez L, Nuez-Ortin W, Moyano F (2013) Effect of partially protected butyrate used as feed additive on growth and intestinal metabolism in sea bream (Sparus aurata). Fish Physiol Biochem 39(6):1567\u20131580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-013-9809-3","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"1459_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-181X.2020.00032.3","volume":"20","author":"P Sardar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sardar P, Shamna N, Sahu NP (2020) Acidifiers in aquafeed as an alternate growth promoter: a short review. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 20(2):353\u2013366","journal-title":"Anim Nutr Feed Technol"},{"key":"1459_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","volume":"3","author":"TD Schmittgen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmittgen TD, Livak KJ (2008) Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. Nat Protoc 3:1101\u20131108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1459_CR71","first-page":"373","volume":"13","author":"S Shahidi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shahidi S, Yahyavi M, Zare DN (2014) Influence of dietary organic acids supplementation on reproductive performance of freshwater Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). Global Veter 13(3):373\u2013377","journal-title":"Global Veter"},{"key":"1459_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/17.12.1150","volume":"17","author":"ZK Shihabi","year":"1971","unstructured":"Shihabi ZK, Bishop C (1971) Simplified turbidimetric assay for lipase activity. Clin Chem 17:1150\u20131153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/17.12.1150","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1459_CR73","unstructured":"Song HL (2016) Effects of protease, organic acid salts and protease-organic acid salts combination on physiology of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Dissertation, Guangdong Ocean University"},{"issue":"1","key":"1459_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7138012","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7138012","volume":"2022","author":"D Torsabo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Torsabo D, Ishak SD, Noordin NM, Koh IC, Abduh MY, Iber BT, Kuah MK, Abol-Munafi AB (2022) Enhancing reproductive performance of freshwater finfish species through dietary lipids. Aquacult Nutr 2022(1):7138012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/7138012","journal-title":"Aquacult Nutr"},{"key":"1459_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00650-0","volume":"204","author":"D Tovar","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tovar D, Zambonino J, Cahu C, Gatesoupe FJ, Vazquez- Juarez R, Lesel R (2002) Effect of yeast incorporation in compound diet on digestive enzyme activity in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae. Aquaculture 204:113\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00650-0","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"1459_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12837","volume":"25","author":"KT Tran-Ngoc","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tran-Ngoc KT, Huynh ST, Send\u00e3o J, Nguyen TH, Roem AJ, Verreth JA, Schrama JW (2019) Environmental conditions alter the effect of organic acid salts on digestibility and intestinal morphology in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquac Nutri 25(1):134\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.12837","journal-title":"Aquac Nutri"},{"issue":"3","key":"1459_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2007.02.004","volume":"39","author":"GR V\u00e1zquez","year":"2007","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez GR, Guerrero GA (2007) Characterization of blood cells and hematological parameters in Cichlasoma dimerus dimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes). Tissue Cell 39(3):151\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tice.2007.02.004","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"1459_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14097","volume":"125","author":"S Yilmaz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yilmaz S, Sova M, Erg\u00fcn S (2018) Antimicrobial activity of trans-cinnamic acid and commonly used antibiotics against important fish pathogens and nonpathogenic isolates. J Appl Microbiol 125(6):1714\u20131727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.14097","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"1459_CR79","volume-title":"Effects of drugs on clinical lab. Tests","author":"DS Young","year":"1995","unstructured":"Young DS (1995) Effects of drugs on clinical lab. Tests, 4th edn. AACC press, Washington","edition":"4"},{"key":"1459_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101738","volume":"32","author":"F Zoheiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zoheiri F, Hoseinifar SH, Mozanzadeh MT, Ahangarzadeh M, Lieke T, Van Doan H (2023) Dietary fulvic acid increased growth, stress tolerance and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) juvenile. Aquac Rep 32:101738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101738","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"}],"container-title":["Fish Physiology and Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01459-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01459-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01459-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T03:42:10Z","timestamp":1742010130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01459-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01459-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-1742","1573-5168"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-1742","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-5168","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All applicable international, national, and\/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of fish were followed by the authors, and the ethical approval for the current study has been taken from the Arish University in Egypt, with Research number (Agri 08) ethics committee\/IRB.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All authors review and approve the manuscript for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"41"}}