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Seventy-five fish were randomly assigned to five groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915), each consisting of three replicates (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095), and subjected to the following treatments for two months: standard fishery water, Ca (186\u00a0mg\/L CaCl\u2082), Mg (40\u00a0mg\/L MgCl\u2082), Na (25\u00a0g\/L NaHCO\u2083), a mixture of MgCl\u2082, CaCl\u2082, and NaHCO\u2083 at the same protocol dosing to adjust water hardness at 300\u00a0mg\/L. The results reported that fish exposed to Ca, Na, and Mix salts showed a significant decline in growth performance, serum antioxidant levels, and protein profile along with a significant rise in the enzymatic activity of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, and MDA levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u2009<jats:italic>0.05<\/jats:italic>). Exposure of fish to either single or mixed ions caused histopathological changes in the gills, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain. However, the nature, distribution, and the degree of severity of histopathological lesions vary in the experimental groups. The group exposed to mixed salts had the highest scores in all the pathological parameters, whereas the Mg group recorded the lowest scores. Moreover, the Ca group exhibited the highest scores in the liver and kidney, while the Na group showed the highest scores in the gills, spleen, and kidney.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-025-01532-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T18:23:28Z","timestamp":1752776608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of long-term exposure to single and mixed mineral ions related to water hardness on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3670-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman I.","family":"Hassanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaa A.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan S.","family":"Khalefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada E.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13361","volume":"27","author":"AN Abdel Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdel Rahman AN, Maricchiolo G, Abd El-Fattah AH, Alagawany M, Reda RM (2021) Use of rice protein concentrates in Oreochromis niloticus diets and its effect on growth, intestinal morphology, biochemical indices and ghrelin gene expression. 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