{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:11:49Z","timestamp":1788865909868,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009169","name":"Assiut University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009169","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fish Physiol Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fish are particularly vulnerable to microplastics (MPs), especially polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs), which are widely used and environmentally persistent. Despite their prevalence, little is known about their impact on fish immune systems. Thus, this study\u2019s goal was to look at the antioxidants, immunotoxicological, and histopathological impact of PP-MPs on African catfish\n                    <jats:italic>Clarias gariepinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the ameliorating role of\n                    <jats:italic>Spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    and recovery. A total of 108 fish, weighing 125\u2009\u00b1\u20093 g and 27\u2009\u00b1\u20092\u00a0cm, were acclimated and divided into six experimental groups (in triplicate): control, PP-MPs-treated groups (0.14 and 0.28\u00a0mg\/L), PP-MPs\u2009+\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>Spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    (200\u00a0mg\/L), and\n                    <jats:italic>Spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone. Fish were exposed to treatments for 15\u00a0days, followed by a 45-day recovery period. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST, MAD), immune biomarkers, and histopathological changes in the spleen and head kidney were assessed. PP-MPs exposure led to a significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05) decline in antioxidant enzymes and immune biomarkers compared to controls, with increased melanomacrophage centers and tissue damage.\n                    <jats:italic>Spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    supplementation significantly improved immune and antioxidant responses, although some parameters, like MAD and histopathological alterations, showed incomplete recovery even after 45\u00a0days. PP-MPs have immunotoxic and oxidative effects on\n                    <jats:italic>Clarias gariepinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with partial recovery possible through\n                    <jats:italic>Spirulina<\/jats:italic>\n                    supplementation. However, full restoration of immune tissue morphology requires longer recovery periods. The observed immune alterations were closely associated with histopathological damage in key immune organs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-025-01587-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T11:37:53Z","timestamp":1761133073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antioxidants, immunotoxicological, and histopathological impacts of polypropylene microplastics emitted from paper cups on Clarias gariepinus and the ameliorating role of Spirulina and recovery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Zainab","family":"Eid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama M.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanem S.","family":"Abdel-Tawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa El-Din H.","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030473","volume":"10","author":"MM Abdel-Daim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdel-Daim MM, Dawood MA, Elbadawy M, Aleya L, Alkahtani S (2020) Spirulina platensis reduced oxidative damage induced by chlorpyrifos toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animals 10:473","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1587_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.07.002","volume":"54","author":"NK Abdelkhalek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdelkhalek NK, Eissa IA, Ahmed E, Kilany OE, El-Adl M, Dawood MA, Hassan AM, Abdel-Daim MM (2017) Protective role of dietary Spirulina platensis against diazinon-induced oxidative damage in Nile tilapia; Oreochromis niloticus. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 54:99\u2013104","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1587_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.04.057","volume":"78","author":"M Abdel-Tawwab","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdel-Tawwab M, Adeshina I, Jenyo-Oni A, Ajani EK, Emikpe BO (2018) Growth, physiological, antioxidants, and immune response of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), to dietary clove basil, Ocimum gratissimum, leaf extract and its susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 78:346\u2013354","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aaf.2022.01.006","volume":"9","author":"S Abdullah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdullah S, Naguib M, Salah El-Din AE-D, Sayed AE-DH (2024) Hematobiochemical and histopathological alterations in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to ethidium bromide: the protective role of Spirulina platensis. Aquac Fish 9:93\u2013103","journal-title":"Aquac Fish"},{"key":"1587_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8030(92)90060-B","volume":"2","author":"AJ Ainsworth","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ainsworth AJ (1992) Fish granulocytes: morphology, distribution, and function. Annu Rev Fish Dis 2:123\u2013148","journal-title":"Annu Rev Fish Dis"},{"key":"1587_CR6","first-page":"1199","volume":"7","author":"OA Akinrotimi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akinrotimi OA (2010) Effects of direct transfer to fresh water on the haematological parameters of Tilapia guineensis Bleeker 1862. Anim Res Int 7:1199\u20131205","journal-title":"Anim Res Int"},{"key":"1587_CR7","first-page":"34","volume":"Res","author":"OA Akinrotimi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Akinrotimi OA, Aranyo AA, Ibemere IF (2011) Physiological response in Tilapia guineensis subjected to handling stress. Adv Agric Sci Eng Res:34\u201339","journal-title":"Adv Agric Sci Eng"},{"key":"1587_CR8","unstructured":"Anderson D, Siwicki A (1995) Basic hematology and serology for fish health programs. Book, Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Phillipines, Leetown Science Center, pp 185\u2013202"},{"key":"1587_CR9","first-page":"11","volume":"2","author":"S Ariweriokuma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ariweriokuma S, Gabriel U, Deekae S, Akinrotimi O (2016) Haematological characteristics of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed dietary inclusion levels of green leaf (Amaranthus cruentus). Intl J Innov Stud Aquat Biol Fish 2:11\u201322","journal-title":"Intl J Innov Stud Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"1587_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061801","volume":"19","author":"C Atri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atri C, Guerfali FZ, Laouini D (2018) Role of human macrophage polarization in inflammation during infectious diseases. Int J Mol Sci 19:1801","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1587_CR11","first-page":"103","volume":"30","author":"M Banaee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banaee M (2013) Physiological dysfunction in fish after insecticides exposure. Insecticides-Dev More EffTechnol 30:103\u2013143","journal-title":"Insecticides-Dev More EffTechnol"},{"key":"1587_CR12","unstructured":"Batts WN, Lovy J, Getchell R, Faisal M, Standish I, Warg JV, Phelps NB, Glenney G, Winton JR (2020) 2.2. 7 Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia. Fish Health Section Blue Book\u2014suggested procedures for the detection and identification of certain finfish and shellfish pathogens"},{"key":"1587_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2311253120","volume":"120","author":"C Beans","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beans C (2023) Are microplastics spreading infectious disease? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 120:e2311253120","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1587_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134455","volume":"702","author":"R Bevan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bevan R, Harrison P, Weeks J, Marsden P, Coulon F, Hassard F, Jarvis P, Jefferson B, Campo P, Bevan A (2020) Exposure of humans to microplastics in the environment and potential risks to health: an overview. Sci Total Environ 702:134455","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16556","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1054759","volume":"114","author":"P Bhattacharya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhattacharya P, Lin S, Turner JP, Ke PC (2010) Physical adsorption of charged plastic nanoparticles affects algal photosynthesis. J Phys Chem C 114:16556\u201316561","journal-title":"J Phys Chem C"},{"key":"1587_CR16","unstructured":"Biancotti J, Kumar S, de Vellis J, Drapeau V, Despr\u00e9s J, Bouchard C, Allard L, Fournier G, Leblanc C (2020), Bancroft JD, Stevens A (1982) Theory and practice of his-tological techniques, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Cognitive Impairments of Sleep-Deprived Ovariectomized (OVX) Female Rats by Voluntary Exercise 11:2615\u20132628"},{"key":"1587_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213878","volume":"23","author":"DC Bobori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bobori DC, Feidantsis K, Dimitriadi A, Datsi N, Ripis P, Kalogiannis S, Sampsonidis I, Kastrinaki G, Ainali NM, Lambropoulou DA (2022) Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) in two freshwater fishes. Int J Mol Sci 23:13878","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1587_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8030094","volume":"8","author":"AS Brott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brott AS, Clarke AJ (2019) Peptidoglycan o-acetylation as a virulence factor: its effect on lysozyme in the innate immune system. Antibiotics 8:94","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"1587_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025","volume":"62","author":"M Cole","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"1587_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6646","DOI":"10.1021\/es400663f","volume":"47","author":"M Cole","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E, Halsband C, Goodhead R, Moger J, Galloway TS (2013) Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. Environ Sci Technol 47:6646\u20136655","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1587_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111585","volume":"10","author":"GE Courtoy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Courtoy GE, Leclercq I, Froidure A, Schiano G, Morelle J, Devuyst O, Huaux F, Bouzin C (2020) Digital image analysis of picrosirius red staining: a robust method for multi-organ fibrosis quantification and characterization. Biomolecules 10:1585","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"1587_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2761.1997.00302.x","volume":"20","author":"R Dalmo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dalmo R, Ingebrigtsen K, B\u00f8gwald J (1997) Non-specific defence mechanisms in fish, with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system (RES). J Fish Dis 20:241\u2013273","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"1587_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2009.01.002","volume":"92","author":"S Datta","year":"2009","unstructured":"Datta S, Ghosh D, Saha DR, Bhattacharaya S, Mazumder S (2009) Chronic exposure to low concentration of arsenic is immunotoxic to fish: role of head kidney macrophages as biomarkers of arsenic toxicity to Clarias batrachus. Aquat Toxicol 92:86\u201394","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"1587_CR24","unstructured":"Dawood MAO (2016) Effect of various feed additives on the performance of aquatic animals. Kagoshima University"},{"key":"1587_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-016-0277-4","volume":"43","author":"MA Dawood","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dawood MA, Koshio S, Ishikawa M, El-Sabagh M, Yokoyama S, Wang WL, Yukun Z, Olivier A (2017) Physiological response, blood chemistry profile and mucus secretion of red sea bream (Pagrus major) fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus under low salinity stress. Fish Physiol Biochem 43:179\u2013192","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1587_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01857-6","volume":"195","author":"MAO Dawood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dawood MAO, Zommara M, Eweedah NM, Helal AI (2020) Synergistic effects of selenium nanoparticles and vitamin E on growth, immune-related gene expression, and regulation of antioxidant status of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Biol Trace Elem Res 195:624\u2013635","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"1587_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirep.2024.200150","author":"S Debbarma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Debbarma S, Narsale SA, Acharya A, Singh SK, Mocherla BP, Debbarma R, Yirang Y (2024) Drawing immune-capacity of fish-derived antimicrobial peptides for aquaculture industry: a comprehensive review. Comparative Immunology Reports. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cirep.2024.200150","journal-title":"Comparative Immunology Reports"},{"key":"1587_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.03.001","volume":"238","author":"J Ding","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ding J, Zhang S, Razanajatovo RM, Zou H, Zhu W (2018) Accumulation, tissue distribution, and biochemical effects of polystyrene microplastics in the freshwater fish red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environ Pollut 238:1\u20139","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1587_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.012","volume":"75","author":"D Eerkes-Medrano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eerkes-Medrano D, Thompson RC, Aldridge DC (2015) Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res 75:63\u201382","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"1587_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380652","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1380652","volume":"15","author":"Z Eid","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eid Z, Mahmoud UM, Sayed AE-DH (2024) Deleterious effects of polypropylene released from paper cups on blood profile and liver tissue of Clarias gariepinus: bioremediation using Spirulina. Front Physiol 15:1380652","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1587_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.01.052","volume":"98","author":"MF El Basuini","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Basuini MF, Teiba II, Zaki MA, Alabssawy AN, El-Hais AM, Gabr AA, Dawood MA, Zaineldin AI, Mzengereza K, Shadrack RS (2020) Assessing the effectiveness of CoQ10 dietary supplementation on growth performance, digestive enzymes, blood health, immune response, and oxidative-related genes expression of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 98:420\u2013428","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23108","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08588-5","volume":"27","author":"OI El Euony","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Euony OI, Elblehi SS, Abdel-Latif HM, Abdel-Daim MM, El-Sayed YS (2020) Modulatory role of dietary Thymus vulgaris essential oil and Bacillus subtilis against thiamethoxam-induced hepatorenal damage, oxidative stress, and immunotoxicity in African catfish (Clarias garipenus). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:23108\u201323128","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"1587_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.37.1.111","volume":"37","author":"EF Ellis","year":"1966","unstructured":"Ellis EF, Smith RT (1966) The role of the spleen in immunity: with special reference to the post-splenectomy problem in infants. Pediatrics 37:111\u2013119","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1587_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Espinosa C, Esteban M\u00c1, Cuesta A (2018) Microplastics in aquatic environments and their toxicological implications for fish. Toxicology-New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum 113, p 218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/64815","DOI":"10.5772\/64815"},{"key":"1587_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.10.030","volume":"500","author":"F Fazio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fazio F (2019) Fish hematology analysis as an important tool of aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture 500:237\u2013242","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1587_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-011-9466-3","volume":"37","author":"\u00d6 F\u0131rat","year":"2011","unstructured":"F\u0131rat \u00d6, Cogun HY, Y\u00fczerero\u011flu TA, G\u00f6k G, F\u0131rat \u00d6, Kargin F, K\u00f6temen Y (2011) A comparative study on the effects of a pesticide (cypermethrin) and two metals (copper, lead) to serum biochemistry of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Physiol Biochem 37:657\u2013666","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1587_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10385","volume":"267","author":"L Fishelson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fishelson L (2006) Cytomorphological alterations of the thymus, spleen, head-kidney, and liver in cardinal fish (Apogonidae, Teleostei) as bioindicators of stress. J Morphol 267:57\u201369","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"1587_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(03)30003-8","volume":"230","author":"VP Gallo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gallo VP, Civinini A (2003) Survey of the adrenal homolog in teleosts. Int Rev Cytol 230:89\u2013187","journal-title":"Int Rev Cytol"},{"key":"1587_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.06.025","volume":"66","author":"EJ Geven","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geven EJ, Klaren PH (2017) The teleost head kidney: integrating thyroid and immune signalling. Dev Comp Immunol 66:73\u201383","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031483","volume":"23","author":"C Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez C, Cuesta A (2022) Nanoplastics increase fish susceptibility to nodavirus infection and reduce antiviral immune responses. Int J Mol Sci 23:1483","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1587_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240103","volume":"196","author":"R Graf","year":"1979","unstructured":"Graf R, Schl\u00fcns J (1979) Ultrastructural and histochemical investigation of the terminal capillaries in the spleen of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Cell Tissue Res 196:289\u2013306","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"1587_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.10.020","volume":"36","author":"F Guardiola","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guardiola F, G\u00f3nzalez-P\u00e1rraga P, Meseguer J, Cuesta A, Esteban M (2014) Modulatory effects of deltamethrin-exposure on the immune status, metabolism and oxidative stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 36:120\u2013129","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guha R, Beegum S, Kumar N, Nazar A, John N, Lakshmi S, Elumalai P, Soltani M (2025) Fish immune response: an overview. Bacillus Probiotics for Sustainable Aquaculture. CRC Press, pp 27\u201354","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003503811-2"},{"key":"1587_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","volume":"249","author":"WH Habig","year":"1974","unstructured":"Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB (1974) Glutathione S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 249:7130\u20137139","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1587_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07676","author":"H Hadiyanto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hadiyanto H, Khoironi A, Dianratri I, Suherman S, Muhammad F, Vaidyanathan S (2021) Interactions between polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics and Spirulina sp. microalgae in aquatic systems. Heliyon. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07676","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"1587_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2015.12.012","volume":"6","author":"MH Hadwan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hadwan MH, Abed HN (2016) Data supporting the spectrophotometric method for the estimation of catalase activity. Data Brief 6:194\u2013199","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"1587_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07898-y","volume":"27","author":"M Hamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamed M, Soliman HA, Osman AG, Sayed AE-DH (2020) Antioxidants and molecular damage in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after exposure to microplastics. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:14581\u201314588","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"1587_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149921","volume":"803","author":"M Hamed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamed M, Monteiro CE, Sayed AE-DH (2022) Investigation of the impact caused by different sizes of polyethylene plastics (nano, micro, and macro) in common carp juveniles, Cyprinus carpio L., using multi-biomarkers. Sci Total Environ 803:149921","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140792","volume":"349","author":"M Hamed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamed M, Said REM, Soliman HAM, Osman AGM, Martyniuk CJ (2024) Immunotoxicological, histopathological, and ultrastructural effects of waterborne pyrogallol exposure on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Chemosphere 349:140792","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1587_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3390\/biology4040715","volume":"4","author":"JJ Havixbeck","year":"2015","unstructured":"Havixbeck JJ, Barreda DR (2015) Neutrophil development, migration, and function in teleost fish. Biology 4:715\u2013734","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"1587_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101922","volume":"41","author":"T Henning","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henning T, Weber D (2021) Redox biomarkers in dietary interventions and nutritional observation studies-from new insights to old problems. Redox Biol 41:101922","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"1587_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.05.003","volume":"258","author":"W Hironobu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hironobu W, Ota K, Tassakka ACMA, Kato T, Sakai M (2006) Immunostimulant effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 258:157\u2013163","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1587_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109889","volume":"188","author":"Y Hong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hong Y, Yin H, Huang Y, Huang Q, Yang X (2020) Immune response to abamectin-induced oxidative stress in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 188:109889","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"1587_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149736","volume":"802","author":"J Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu J, Zuo J, Li J, Zhang Y, Ai X, Zhang J, Gong D, Sun D (2022) Effects of secondary polyethylene microplastic exposure on crucian (Carassius carassius) growth, liver damage, and gut microbiome composition. Sci Total Environ 802:149736","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR55","unstructured":"IBM-SPSS (2012) Bm-spss statistics version 21"},{"key":"1587_CR56","first-page":"130","volume":"2","author":"A Jaat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaat A, Saroch J, Shrivastav R, Qureshi T, Manohar S, Shrivastava P, Borana K (2013) Ameliorative effect of Spirulina on the histology of ovary of mercuric chloride effected fish, Clarias gariepinus. International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry 2:130\u2013138","journal-title":"International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry"},{"key":"1587_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43591-021-00020-0","volume":"2","author":"A Jemec Kokalj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jemec Kokalj A, Dolar A, Drobne D, Marin\u0161ek M, Dolenec M, \u0160krlep L, Strmljan G, Mu\u0161i\u010d B, \u0160kapin AS (2022) Environmental hazard of polypropylene microplastics from disposable medical masks: acute toxicity towards Daphnia magna and current knowledge on other polypropylene microplastics. Microplast Nanoplast 2:1\u201315","journal-title":"Microplast Nanoplast"},{"key":"1587_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11030282","volume":"11","author":"J Jeyavani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeyavani J, Sibiya A, Stalin T, Vigneshkumar G, Al-Ghanim KA, Riaz MN, Govindarajan M, Vaseeharan B (2023) Biochemical, genotoxic and histological implications of polypropylene microplastics on freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus: an aquatic eco-toxicological assessment. Toxics 11:282","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"1587_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2025.144253","volume":"375","author":"A-H Jo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jo A-H, Yu Y-B, Choi J-H, Lee J-H, Choi CY, Kang J-C, Kim J-H (2025) Microplastics induce toxic effects in fish: bioaccumulation, hematological parameters and antioxidant responses. Chemosphere 375:144253","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1587_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.1.61","volume":"177","author":"M Joerink","year":"2006","unstructured":"Joerink M, Ribeiro C, Stet RJ, Hermsen T, Savelkoul HF, Wiegertjes GF (2006) Head kidney-derived macrophages of common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) show plasticity and functional polarization upon differential stimulation. J Immunol 177:61\u201369","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.009","volume":"100","author":"SR Khalil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khalil SR, Abd Elhakim Y, Abd El-fattah AH, Farag MR, Abd El-Hameed NE, Abd Elhakeem E-M (2020) Dual immunological and oxidative responses in Oreochromis niloticus fish exposed to lambda cyhalothrin and concurrently fed with Thyme powder (Thymus vulgarisL.): stress and immune encoding gene expression. Fish Shellfish Immunol 100:208\u2013218","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136050","volume":"709","author":"T K\u00f6gel","year":"2020","unstructured":"K\u00f6gel T, Bjor\u00f8y \u00d8, Toto B, Bienfait AM, Sanden M (2020) Micro-and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life: determining factors. Sci Total Environ 709:136050","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolawole AS, Iyiola AO (2023) Environmental pollution: threats, impact on biodiversity, and protection strategies. Sustainable utilization and conservation of Africa\u2019s biological resources and environment. Part of the book series: Sustainable Development and Biodiversity (SDEB). Springer, 32:377\u2013409","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-6974-4_14"},{"key":"1587_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05296.x","volume":"31","author":"H Kranz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kranz H, Gercken J (1987) Effects of sublethal concentrations of potassium dichromate on the occurrence of splenic melano-macrophage centres in juvenile plaice, Pleuronectes platessa,L. J Fish Biol 31:75\u201380","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"1587_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icl048","volume":"46","author":"CR Lage","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lage CR, Nayak A, Kim CH (2006) Arsenic ecotoxicology and innate immunity. Integr Comp Biol 46:1040\u20131054","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"1587_CR66","first-page":"265","volume":"145","author":"N Laskar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Laskar N, Kumar U (2019) Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene. Chemosphere 145:265\u2013268","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1587_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162874","volume":"877","author":"J-H Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee J-H, Kang J-C, Kim J-H (2023) Toxic effects of microplastic (Polyethylene) on fish: accumulation, hematological parameters and antioxidant responses in Korean bullhead, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. Sci Total Environ 877:162874","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.103","volume":"619","author":"L Lei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lei L, Wu S, Lu S, Liu M, Song Y, Fu Z, Shi H, Raley-Susman KM, He D (2018) Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Total Environ 619:1\u20138","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02537094","volume":"29","author":"XY Li","year":"1994","unstructured":"Li XY, Chow CK (1994) An improved method for the measurement of malondialdehyde in biological samples. Lipids 29:73\u201375","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"1587_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.12.024","volume":"83","author":"Z-H Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li Z-H, Velisek J, Grabic R, Li P, Kolarova J, Randak T (2011) Use of hematological and plasma biochemical parameters to assess the chronic effects of a fungicide propiconazole on a freshwater teleost. Chemosphere 83:572\u2013578","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1587_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122990","volume":"398","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Liu Z, Li M, Jiang Q, Wu D, Huang Y, Jiao Y, Zhang M, Zhao Y (2020) Effects of nanoplastics on antioxidant and immune enzyme activities and related gene expression in juvenile Macrobrachium nipponense. J Hazard Mater 398:122990","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"1587_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147007","volume":"783","author":"B Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li B, Song W, Cheng Y, Zhang K, Tian H, Du Z, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang W, Zhu L (2021) Ecotoxicological effects of different size ranges of industrial-grade polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics on earthworms Eisenia fetida. Sci Total Environ 783:147007","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.753999","volume":"12","author":"La Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li La, Xu R, Jiang L, Xu EG, Wang M, Wang J, Li B, Hu M, Zhang L, Wang Y (2021) Effects of microplastics on immune responses of the yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco under hypoxia. Front Physiol 12:753999","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1587_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130856","volume":"448","author":"W Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang W, Li B, Jong M-C, Ma C, Zuo C, Chen Q, Shi H (2023) Process-oriented impacts of microplastic fibers on behavior and histology of fish. J Hazard Mater 448:130856","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"1587_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114377","volume":"249","author":"X Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu X, Liang C, Zhou M, Chang Z, Li L (2023) Exposure of Cyprinus carpio var. larvae to PVC microplastics reveals significant immunological alterations and irreversible histological organ damage. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 249:114377","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"1587_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.113520","volume":"12","author":"M Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu M, Liu X, Xu J (2024) Influence of microplastic pollution on the toxicity of potamodromous fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and its swimming capacity. J Environ Chem Eng 12:113520","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"1587_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00183","volume":"50","author":"Y Lu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu Y, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Jiang W, Zhao Y, Geng J, Ding L, Ren H (2016) Uptake and accumulation of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and toxic effects in liver. Environ Sci Technol 50:4054\u20134060","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1587_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.12.032","volume":"90","author":"BF Lucas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lucas BF, de Morais MG, Santos TD, Costa JAV (2018) Spirulina for snack enrichment: nutritional, physical and sensory evaluations. LWT 90:270\u2013276","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"1587_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-010-9279-x","volume":"12","author":"B Magnadottir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Magnadottir B (2010) Immunological control of fish diseases. Mar Biotechnol 12:361\u2013379","journal-title":"Mar Biotechnol"},{"key":"1587_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(01)00029-5","volume":"25","author":"BG Magor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Magor BG, Magor KE (2001) Evolution of effectors and receptors of innate immunity. Dev Comp Immunol 25:651\u2013682","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol4030037","volume":"4","author":"D Miteva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miteva D, Kitanova M, Velikova T (2024) Biomacromolecules as immunomodulators: utilizing nature\u2019s tools for immune regulation. Macromol 4:610\u2013633","journal-title":"Macromol"},{"key":"1587_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.04.051","volume":"125","author":"IA Mohamed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohamed IA, Hamed M, Abdel-Tawab HS, Mansour S, Soliman HA, Lee J-S, Sayed AE-DH (2022) Multi-biomarkers approach to assess the toxicity of novel insecticide (Voliam flexi\u00ae) on Clarias gariepinus: from behavior to immunotoxicity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 125:54\u201364","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes8020093","volume":"8","author":"DM Mokhtar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mokhtar DM, Zaccone G, Alesci A, Kuciel M, Hussein MT, Sayed RK (2023) Main components of fish immunity: an overview of the fish immune system. Fishes 8:93","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"key":"1587_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734589","volume":"515","author":"EM Moustafa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moustafa EM, Dawood MAO, Assar DH, Omar AA, Elbialy ZI, Farrag FA, Shukry M, Zayed MM (2020) Modulatory effects of fenugreek seeds powder on the histopathology, oxidative status, and immune related gene expression in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture 515:734589","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1587_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/492613","volume":"2013","author":"SM Musa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Musa SM, Aura CM, Ogello EO, Omondi R, Charo-Karisa H, Munguti JM (2013) Haematological response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinusBurchell) 1822 fingerlings exposed to different concentrations of tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) leaf dust. ISRN Zoology 2013:492613","journal-title":"ISRN Zoology"},{"key":"1587_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm072","volume":"98","author":"AS Nayak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nayak AS, Lage CR, Kim CH (2007) Effects of low concentrations of arsenic on the innate immune system of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Sci 98:118\u2013124","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"1587_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-445X(84)90029-8","volume":"5","author":"J Nemcs\u00f3k","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nemcs\u00f3k J, Nemeth A, Buz\u00e1s Z, Boross L (1984) Effects of copper, zinc and paraquat on acetylcholinesterase activity in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquat Toxicol 5:23\u201331","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"1587_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/01971528808053210","volume":"9","author":"D Overkamp","year":"1988","unstructured":"Overkamp D, Mohammed-Ali S, Cartledge C, Landon J (1988) Production of polyclonal antibodies in ascitic fluid of mice: technique and applications. J Immunoassay 9:51\u201368","journal-title":"J Immunoassay"},{"key":"1587_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2005.01209.x","volume":"36","author":"GB Palmegiano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Palmegiano GB, Agradi E, Forneris G, Gai F, Gasco L, Rigamonti E, Sicuro B, Zoccarato I (2005) Spirulina as a nutrient source in diets for growing sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). Aquacult Res 36:188\u2013195","journal-title":"Aquacult Res"},{"key":"1587_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-119-30188","volume":"119","author":"RM Parry","year":"1965","unstructured":"Parry RM, Chandan RC, Shahani KM (1965) A rapid and sensitive assay of muramidase.\u2217 \u2020. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 119:384\u2013386","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"1587_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.06.039","volume":"216","author":"I Paul-Pont","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paul-Pont I, Lacroix C, Fern\u00e1ndez CG, H\u00e9garet H, Lambert C, Le Go\u00efc N, Fr\u00e8re L, Cassone A-L, Sussarellu R, Fabioux C (2016) Exposure of marine mussels Mytilus spp. to polystyrene microplastics: toxicity and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation. Environ Pollut 216:724\u2013737","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1587_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105387","volume":"163","author":"X Pei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pei X, Heng X, Chu W (2022) Polystyrene nano\/microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis, oxidative damage, and innate immune disruption in zebrafish. Microb Pathog 163:105387","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"1587_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2004.10.007","volume":"29","author":"ME Pressley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pressley ME, Phelan PE III, Witten PE, Mellon MT, Kim CH (2005) Pathogenesis and inflammatory response to Edwardsiella tarda infection in the zebrafish. Dev Comp Immunol 29:501\u2013513","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR94","first-page":"26","volume":"2","author":"HM Ragap","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ragap HM, Khalil RH, Mutawie HH (2012) Immunostimulant effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. J Appl Pharm Sci 2:26\u201331","journal-title":"J Appl Pharm Sci"},{"key":"1587_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.12.019","volume":"162","author":"S Rainieri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rainieri S, Conlledo N, Larsen BK, Granby K, Barranco A (2018) Combined effects of microplastics and chemical contaminants on the organ toxicity of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Res 162:135\u2013143","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1587_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3497-6","volume":"27","author":"M Revel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Revel M, Yakovenko N, Caley T, Guillet C, Ch\u00e2tel A, Mouneyrac C (2020) Accumulation and immunotoxicity of microplastics in the estuarine worm Hediste diversicolor in environmentally relevant conditions of exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:3574\u20133583","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"1587_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2005.11.005","volume":"101","author":"CO Ribeiro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ribeiro CO, Neto FF, Mela M, Silva P, Randi MAF, Rabitto I, Costa JA, Pelletier E (2006) Hematological findings in neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus exposed to subchronic and dietary doses of methylmercury, inorganic lead, and tributyltin chloride. Environ Res 101:74\u201380","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"1587_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.06.078","volume":"122","author":"F Ribeiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ribeiro F, Garcia AR, Pereira BP, Fonseca M, Mestre NC, Fonseca TG, Ilharco LM, Bebianno MJ (2017) Microplastics effects in Scrobicularia plana. Mar Pollut Bull 122:379\u2013391","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"1587_CR99","unstructured":"Richmond A (2003) Biological principles of mass cultivation. Handbook of Microalgal Culture, pp 125\u2013177. Iowa State Press, a Blackwell Publishing, Company, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA, Blackwell Science Asia Pty, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia"},{"key":"1587_CR100","first-page":"1646","volume":"47","author":"CM Rochman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rochman CM, Hoh E, Hentschel BT, Kaye S (2013) Long-term field measurement of sorption of organic contaminants to five types of plastic pellets: implications for plastic marine debris. Environ Sci Technol 47:1646\u20131654","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1587_CR101","volume":"238","author":"N Romano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Romano N, Renukdas N, Fischer H, Shrivastava J, Baruah K, Egnew N, Sinha AK (2020) Differential modulation of oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, histomorphology, ion-regulation and growth marker gene expression in goldfish (Carassius auratus) following exposure to different dose of virgin microplastics. Comp Biochem Physiol c: Toxicol Pharmacol 238:108862","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol c: Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1587_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(99)00039-9","volume":"48","author":"M Romeo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Romeo M, Bennani N, Gnassia-Barelli M, Lafaurie M, Girard J (2000) Cadmium and copper display different responses towards oxidative stress in the kidney of the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Aquat Toxicol 48:185\u2013194","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"1587_CR103","volume":"13","author":"A Salah El-Din","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salah El-Din A, Abdullah S, Sayed AH (2021) Antioxidant capacity and DNA damage in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to ethidium bromide: a protective role for Spirulina platensis. Sci Afr 13:e00961","journal-title":"Sci Afr"},{"key":"1587_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05341.x","volume":"32","author":"K Sandnes","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sandnes K, Lie \u00d8, Waagb\u00f8 R (1988) Normal ranges of some blood chemistry parameters in adult farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. J Fish Biol 32:129\u2013136","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"1587_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113832","volume":"181","author":"S Sangkham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sangkham S, Faikhaw O, Munkong N, Sakunkoo P, Arunlertaree C, Chavali M, Mousazadeh M, Tiwari A (2022) A review on microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment: their occurrence, exposure routes, toxic studies, and potential effects on human health. Mar Pollut Bull 181:113832","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"1587_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2007.01883.x","volume":"39","author":"S Saurabh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saurabh S, Sahoo P (2008) Lysozyme: an important defence molecule of fish innate immune system. Aquacult Res 39:223\u2013239","journal-title":"Aquacult Res"},{"key":"1587_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.07.060","volume":"163","author":"AE-DH Sayed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sayed AE-DH, Authman MMN (2018) The protective role of Spirulina platensis to alleviate the Sodium dodecyl sulfate toxic effects in the catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 163:136\u2013144","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"1587_CR108","unstructured":"Sayed A, Fawzy MA (2014) Effect of dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis on the growth and haematology of the catfish Clarias gariepinus. J Adv Biol 5(2):625\u2013635"},{"key":"1587_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sayed AE-DH, Khalil NA (2016) Oxidative stress induction in monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758): a field study on the side effects of Methyltestosterone. J Aquac Res Dev 07(03). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2155-9546.1000416","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9546.1000416"},{"key":"1587_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-4983-7","volume":"187","author":"AE-DH Sayed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sayed AE-DH, Elbaghdady HAM, Zahran E (2015) Arsenic-induced genotoxicity in Nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus); the role of Spirulina platensis extract. Environ Monit Assess 187:1\u201310","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"1587_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018795","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1018795","volume":"13","author":"AE-DH Sayed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sayed AE-DH, Taher H, Soliman HA, Salah El-Din AE-D (2022) Immunological and hemato-biochemical effects on catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to dexamethasone. Front Physiol 13:1018795","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1587_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-23844-6","volume":"30","author":"AEH Sayed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sayed AEH, Hamed M, El-Sayed AAA, Nunes B, Soliman HAM (2023) The mitigating effect of Spirulina(Arthrospira platensis) on the hemotoxicity of gibberellic acid on juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30:25701\u201325711","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"1587_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.05.012","volume":"41","author":"G Scapigliati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scapigliati G (2013) Functional aspects of fish lymphocytes. Dev Comp Immunol 41:200\u2013208","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.161191","volume":"866","author":"ME Seeley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seeley ME, Hale RC, Zwollo P, Vogelbein W, Verry G, Wargo AR (2023) Microplastics exacerbate virus-mediated mortality in fish. Sci Total Environ 866:161191","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115769","volume":"268","author":"M Sendra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sendra M, Pereiro P, Yeste MP, Mercado L, Figueras A, Novoa B (2021) Size matters: zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to study toxicity of nanoplastics from cells to the whole organism. Environ Pollut 268:115769","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1587_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01434-z","volume":"15","author":"WM Shaalan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shaalan WM, Sayed AE-DH (2025) Toxicity of pharmaceutical micropollutants on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using blood biomarkers. Sci Rep 15:1\u201317","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1587_CR117","first-page":"1163","volume":"29","author":"SL Shah","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shah SL, Altinda\u011f A (2005) Alterations in the immunological parameters of tench (Tinca tinca L. 1758) after acute and chronic exposure to lethal and sublethal treatments with mercury, cadmium and lead. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 29:1163\u20131168","journal-title":"Turk J Vet Anim Sci"},{"key":"1587_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156910","volume":"843","author":"M Shahjahan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahjahan M, Islam MJ, Hossain MT, Mishu MA, Hasan J, Brown C (2022) Blood biomarkers as diagnostic tools: an overview of climate-driven stress responses in fish. Sci Total Environ 843:156910","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01566","volume":"57","author":"L-P Shan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shan L-P, Hu Y, Hu L, Liu H-W, Liu L, Chen J (2023) Involvement of microplastics in the conflict between host immunity defense and viral virulence: promoting the susceptibility of shrimp to WSSV infection. Environ Sci Technol 57:11634\u201311642","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1587_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738324","volume":"557","author":"F Shang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shang F, Bao M, Liu F, Hu Z, Wang S, Yang X, Yu Y, Zhang H, Jiang C, Qiu X (2022) Transcriptome profiling of tiger pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) gills in response to acute hypoxia. Aquaculture 557:738324","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1587_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.04.056","volume":"103","author":"B Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen B, Wei K, Ding Y, Zhang J (2020) Molecular cloning, mRNA expression and functional characterization of a catalase from Chinese black sleeper (Bostrychus sinensis). Fish Shellfish Immunol 103:310\u2013320","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7010035","volume":"7","author":"Q Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi Q, Xiong X, Wen Z, Qin C, Li R, Zhang Z, Gong Q, Wu X (2022) Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase of Yangtze sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus: molecular cloning, tissue distribution and response to fasting and refeeding. Fishes 7:35","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"key":"1587_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176661","volume":"954","author":"M Shirmohammadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shirmohammadi M, Kianersi F, Shiry N, Burgos-Aceves MA, Faggio C (2024) Biotransformation and oxidative stress markers in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus): interactive impacts of microplastics and florfenicol. Sci Total Environ 954:176661","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1587_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.26650\/ASE20251638853","volume":"40","author":"M Shirmohammadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shirmohammadi M, Kianersi F, Shiry N, Hekmatpour F (2025) Effect of polypropylene microplastic and florfenicol antibiotic on some hormonal and haematological biomarkers in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). Aquat Sci Eng 40:116\u2013123","journal-title":"Aquat Sci Eng"},{"key":"1587_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2023.104257","volume":"259","author":"N Shiry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shiry N, Darvishi P, Gholamhossieni A, Pastorino P, Faggio C (2023) Exploring the combined interplays: effects of cypermethrin and microplastic exposure on the survival and antioxidant physiology of Astacus leptodactylus. J Contam Hydrol 259:104257","journal-title":"J Contam Hydrol"},{"key":"1587_CR126","first-page":"211","volume":"2","author":"BP Singh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Singh BP, Tandon P (2009) Effect of river water pollution on hematological parameters of fish, Wallagoattu. Res Environ Life Sci 2:211\u2013214","journal-title":"Res Environ Life Sci"},{"key":"1587_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(94)90062-0","volume":"41","author":"AK Siwicki","year":"1994","unstructured":"Siwicki AK, Anderson DP, Rumsey GL (1994) Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 41:125\u2013139","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"1587_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-017-0399-3","volume":"43","author":"S Soltanian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soltanian S, Fereidouni MS (2017) Immunotoxic responses of chronic exposure to cypermethrin in common carp. Fish Physiol Biochem 43:1645\u20131655","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1587_CR129","unstructured":"Stevens ML (1997) Fundamentals of clinical hematology. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA: Saunders., Book size26 cm"},{"key":"1587_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/34.3.497","volume":"34","author":"Y Sun","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sun Y, Oberley LW, Li Y (1988) A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clin Chem 34:497\u2013500","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"1587_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4194\/1303-2712-v20_02_01","volume":"20","author":"Y Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun Y, Li Y, An J, Liu Z, Chen Q (2019) Antioxidative and inflammatory responses in spleen and head kidney of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) induced by waterborne cadmium exposure. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 20:87\u201396","journal-title":"Turk J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1587_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1134\/S0032945223010149","volume":"63","author":"T Suvorova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Suvorova T, German A, Mikryakov D (2023) A comparative study of the leukocyte formula of the peripheral blood, head kidney and spleen of the bream Abramis brama(Cyprinidae) in the Middle Volga reservoirs. J Ichthyol 63(2):382\u2013386","journal-title":"J Ichthyol"},{"key":"1587_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1135","volume":"17","author":"C Upasani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Upasani C, Balaraman R (2003) Protective effect of Spirulina on lead induced deleterious changes in the lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants in rats. Phytother Res 17:330\u2013334","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"1587_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.17221\/3294-VETMED","volume":"56","author":"C Uribe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uribe C, Folch H, Enriquez R, Moran G (2011) Innate and adaptive immunity in teleost fish: a review. Vet Med Praha 56:486\u2013503","journal-title":"Vet Med Praha"},{"key":"1587_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.03.014","volume":"446","author":"N Van Hai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Hai N (2015) The use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture 446:88\u201396","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1587_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2019.1643288","volume":"28","author":"H Van Doan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Doan H, Hoseinifar SH, Ring\u00f8 E, \u00c1ngeles Esteban M, Dadar M, Dawood MA, Faggio C (2020) Host-associated probiotics: a key factor in sustainable aquaculture. Rev Fish Sci Aquacult 28:16\u201342","journal-title":"Rev Fish Sci Aquacult"},{"key":"1587_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.070","volume":"217","author":"Z Wan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wan Z, Wang C, Zhou J, Shen M, Wang X, Fu Z, Jin Y (2019) Effects of polystyrene microplastics on the composition of the microbiome and metabolism in larval zebrafish. Chemosphere 217:646\u2013658","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"1587_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13161","volume":"48","author":"W Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang W, Sun J, Liu C, Xue Z (2017) Application of immunostimulants in aquaculture: current knowledge and future perspectives. Aquacult Res 48:1\u201323","journal-title":"Aquacult Res"},{"key":"1587_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6202","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07016","volume":"54","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang X, Zheng H, Zhao J, Luo X, Wang Z, Xing B (2020) Photodegradation elevated the toxicity of polystyrene microplastics to grouper (Epinephelus moara) through disrupting hepatic lipid homeostasis. Environ Sci Technol 54:6202\u20136212","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1587_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125918","volume":"416","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Q, Duan X, Huang F, Cheng H, Zhang C, Li L, Ruan X, He Q, Yang H, Niu W (2021) Polystyrene nanoplastics alter virus replication in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) spleen and brain tissues and spleen cells. J Hazard Mater 416:125918","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"1587_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130617","volume":"446","author":"C Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, Wu W, Pang Z, Liu J, Qiu J, Luan T, Deng J, Fang Z (2023) Polystyrene microplastics significantly facilitate influenza A virus infection of host cells. J Hazard Mater 446:130617","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"1587_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122493","volume":"267","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Wu F, Dong S, Wang X, Ai S, Liu Z, Wang X (2024) Meta-analysis of the effects of microplastic on fish: insights into growth, survival, reproduction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota diversity. Water Res 267:122493","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"1587_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.05.003","volume":"258","author":"H Watanuki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Watanuki H, Ota K, Tassakka ACMA, Kato T, Sakai M (2006) Immunostimulant effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 258:157\u2013163","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1587_CR144","first-page":"785","volume":"48","author":"JM Wilson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilson JM, Bunte RM, Carty AJ (2009) Evaluation of rapid cooling and tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) as methods of euthanasia in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 48:785\u2013789","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"1587_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(02)00881-0","volume":"30","author":"FM Wolber","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wolber FM, Leonard E, Michael S, Orschell-Traycoff CM, Yoder MC, Srour EF (2002) Roles of spleen and liver in development of the murine hematopoietic system. Exp Hematol 30:1010\u20131019","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"key":"1587_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/1\/1\/R01","volume":"1","author":"Z Xia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xia Z, Triffitt JT (2006) A review on macrophage responses to biomaterials. Biomed Mater 1:R1","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"1587_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12010009","volume":"12","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Yang W, Wang D, Wang Z, Liu C, Li J (2023) Methamphetamine shows different joint toxicity for different types of microplastics on zebrafish larvae by mediating oxidative stress. Toxics 12:9","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"1587_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu C, Li E, Suo Y, Su Y, Lu M, Zhao Q, Qin JG, Chen L (2018) Histological and transcriptomic responses of two immune organs, the spleen and head kidney, in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to long-term hypersaline stress.\u00a0Fish Shellfish Immunol 76:48\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.02.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.02.041"},{"key":"1587_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123054","volume":"342","author":"L Yan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yan L, Yao X, Wang P, Zhao C, Zhang B, Qiu L (2024) Effect of polypropylene microplastics on virus resistance in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Environ Pollut 342:123054","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"1587_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2010.05.002","volume":"41","author":"J Yao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yao J, Wang J-Y, Liu L, Li Y-X, Xun A-Y, Zeng W-S, Jia C-H, Wei X-X, Feng J-L, Zhao L (2010) Anti-oxidant effects of resveratrol on mice with DSS-induced ulcerative colitis. Arch Med Res 41:288\u2013294","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"1587_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118582","volume":"219","author":"H Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu H, Chen Q, Qiu W, Ma C, Gao Z, Chu W, Shi H (2022) Concurrent water-and foodborne exposure to microplastics leads to differential microplastic ingestion and neurotoxic effects in zebrafish. Water Res 219:118582","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"1587_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111343","volume":"158","author":"W Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhao Q, Qu L, Ma D, Wang J (2020) Spatio-temporal distribution of plastic and microplastic debris in the surface water of the Bohai Sea, China. Mar Pollut Bull 158:111343","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"1587_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108690","volume":"135","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Wang F, Xu S, Cui J, Li K, Shiwen X, Guo M-y (2023) Polystyrene microplastics induce myocardial inflammation and cell death via the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway in carp. Fish Shellfish Immunol 135:108690","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1587_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124055","volume":"403","author":"N Zitouni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zitouni N, Bousserrhine N, Missawi O, Boughattas I, Ch\u00e8vre N, Santos R, Belbekhouche S, Alphonse V, Tisserand F, Balmassiere L (2021) Uptake, tissue distribution and toxicological effects of environmental microplastics in early juvenile fish Dicentrarchus labrax. J Hazard Mater 403:124055","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"}],"container-title":["Fish Physiology and Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01587-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01587-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01587-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:02:03Z","timestamp":1767175323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01587-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-025-01587-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-1742","1573-5168"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-1742","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-5168","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"In Assiut University, Egypt, the MBRSI-Research Ethics Committee (IORG0010947-22\u20132023-0027) authorized the experimental design, techniques, and fish handling.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"181"}}