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It was hypothesized that N-CUR could mitigate the adverse impacts of Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs on growth, biochemical, oxidative, and histopathological parameters. A total of 180\n                    <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were divided into six groups: a control group, two N-CUR-supplemented diets (40 and 50 mg\/kg), an Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NP-exposed group (10 mg\/L), and two co-treated groups receiving both treatments for 4 weeks. Growth performance, biochemical, immunological, antioxidant, and histopathological parameters were assessed. Exposure to Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs markedly reduced growth indices and survivability while elevating ALT activity and pro-inflammatory gene expression (TNF\u03b1, IL1\u03b2, MT). Antioxidant genes (CAT and SOD) were significantly downregulated, and histopathological lesions, including hyperemia, hyperplasia, and vacuolization, were evident. Conversely, N-CUR co-supplementation significantly improved growth (14.5%\u201346.1%), feed efficiency (46.7%\u201374.1%), and specific growth rate (219%\u2013605%). It also reduced ALT (37.7%\u201340.1%) and enhanced albumin, A\/G ratio, and IgM levels (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Overall, these findings indicate that dietary N-CUR attenuated Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NP-induced oxidative and inflammatory stress, thereby improving the biochemical and histological health of\n                    <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Hence, these outcomes provide a mechanistic proof of dietary N-CUR\u2019s protective role against toxicity induced by Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -NPs, indicating the need for further investigation in exposure scenarios that are relevant to the environment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-026-01656-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:51:20Z","timestamp":1773219080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nano-curcumin mitigates aluminum oxide nanoparticle toxicity in Nile tilapia through antioxidant and immune modulation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Sahr B.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maha M.","family":"Rashad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghada E.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omaima","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fady Sayed","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ola Hasan Abd El","family":"Megeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1656_CR1","first-page":"1123","volume":"20","author":"S Abbas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbas S, Javed M, Ahmad Khan H, Rahman K (2018) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of metals (Al and Co) in three economically important carnivorous fish species of Pakistan. 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