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This study evaluated the anaesthetic efficacy of\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Origanum vulgare<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0essential oil (OVEO) in juvenile tambaqui (\n                    <jats:italic>Colossoma macropomum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), an important Amazonian species. A total of 108 fish were exposed to immersion baths with increasing OVEO concentrations (19.04\u201357.12\u00a0mg L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Behavioral endpoints, electrocardiographic activity, opercular movements, and plasma glucose were assessed to determine induction, maintenance, and recovery profiles. At 19.04\u201338.08\u00a0mg L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , OVEO induced rapid loss of equilibrium with full recovery, establishing a safe anaesthetic window. Higher concentrations (47.60\u201357.12\u00a0mg.L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) produced deep anesthesia but also concentration-dependent bradycardia, reduced opercular frequency, increased glycaemia, and prolonged recovery times. Electrophysiological analysis revealed a progressive reduction in heart rate (up to 48.5%) and prolongation of RR and PQ intervals, without QRS morphology alteration, indicating reversible sinus bradycardia rather than conduction block. Opercular electromyography also demonstrated concentration-dependent respiratory depression with complete reversibility at lower concentrations. These results provide the first detailed electrophysiological evidence of OVEO-induced anesthesia in\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>C. macropomum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , supporting its use as a natural, effective, and sustainable anaesthetic for Amazonian aquaculture, contributing to improved animal welfare and management strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-026-01674-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T10:10:36Z","timestamp":1774692636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Behavioral and electrophysiological evaluation of the efficacy of\u00a0Origanum vulgare\u00a0essential oil as anesthesia in Amazonian zootechnical fish"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0189-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axell","family":"Lins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0960-6204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00f4mulo Augusto Feio","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3673-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falia Schneider","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7333-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Fernando Duarte","family":"de Andrade J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0740-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Jos\u00e9 Souza","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2188-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul Silva","family":"de Avellar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2138-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Brilhante","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7060-5377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"de Barros Vaz Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0785-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Guilherme Juarez","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1677-0980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Izabelle Pantoja","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7911-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora Elem Cruz","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6992-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Felipe Pantoja","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2931-4324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Hamoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1674_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1492","volume":"10","author":"T Bodur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bodur T, Oktavia IS, Sulmartiwi L (2024) Effective concentration of herbal anaesthetics Origanum vulgare L. oil and its effects on stress parameters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). 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Experimental research on vertebrates was conducted in accordance with institutional, national, and international ethical guidelines for animal research, and complies with the principles of the\u00a0Basel Declaration\u00a0(\n                      \n                      ).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent publish"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"DAS statement request"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":7,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"52"}}