{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:03:19Z","timestamp":1776855799233,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-68012-35922 and 2022-67016-37226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-68012-35922 and 2022-67016-37226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fish Physiol Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Average embryo survival in farmed Atlantic salmon (\n                    <jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) has declined sharply from about 80% to below 50% in North America over the past two decades. The underlying causes remain unclear, and no effective solutions currently exist for this problem, posing a major challenge to the production of a leading aquaculture species in the USA. Traditional selective breeding programs typically assign \u201cbreeding values\u201d to broodstock fish based on growth-related traits; however, incorporating reproductive success traits (e.g., embryo hatch rates, metabolic biomarkers) into breeding value calculations may improve the efficiency of broodstock selection and help identify individuals more likely to produce viable offspring. Ovarian fluid (OF), collected non-lethally during egg harvesting, offers a valuable biological matrix for metabolomics-based biomarker discovery for fish reproduction. This study tested seven sample preparation methods for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics analysis of OF: (a)\n                    <jats:italic>filtration<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; (b)\n                    <jats:italic>protein precipitation<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; (c)\n                    <jats:italic>lyophilization<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; (d)\n                    <jats:italic>dilution<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; (e)\n                    <jats:italic>lyophilization-filtration<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; (f)\n                    <jats:italic>dilution-filtration<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; (g)\n                    <jats:italic>filtration-concentration<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The objectives were to confirm that OF contains measurable metabolites, and to establish a repeatable and practical OF sample preparation method for NMR metabolomic analysis. Among the methods tested,\n                    <jats:italic>filtration-concentration<\/jats:italic>\n                    produced the most consistent quality spectra with lower variability, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and ease of execution compared with alternative methods tested. In addition, this study demonstrates that blood contamination that may accidentally occur during ovarian fluid collection can significantly alter OF metabolite profiles, potentially affecting downstream analyses and data interpretation. These findings provide a foundation for standardized NMR metabolomics in salmon broodstock reproductive research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-026-01678-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:55:08Z","timestamp":1776250508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of sample preparation methods for NMR-based metabolomics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ovarian fluid"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2378-375X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Casu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Bayless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7583-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian C.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9042-5509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather J.","family":"Hamlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9765-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley S. P.","family":"Boggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1808-7816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracey B.","family":"Schock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1678_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carriquiriborde P (2020) Chapter 3 - Metabolic profiling of biofluids in fish for identifying biomarkers of exposure and effects for assessing aquatic pollution. In: \u00c1lvarez-Mu\u00f1oz D, Farr\u00e9 M (eds) Environ Metabolomics. Elsevier, pp 65\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-818196-6.00003-0","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818196-6.00003-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.86","volume":"68","author":"J Chong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chong J, Wishart DS, Xia J (2019) Using metaboanalyst 4.0 for comprehensive and integrative metabolomics data analysis. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics 68(1):e86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpbi.86","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2002.5637","volume":"304","author":"CA Daykin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Daykin CA, Foxall PJD, Connor SC, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK (2002) The comparison of plasma deproteinization methods for the detection of low-molecular-weight metabolites by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Biochem 304(2):220\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/abio.2002.5637","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2006.01130.x","volume":"24","author":"GJ Dietrich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dietrich GJ, Wojtczak M, S\u0142owi\u0144ska M, Dobosz S, Ku\u017ami\u0144ski H, Ciereszko A (2008) Effects of ovarian fluid on motility characteristics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) spermatozoa. J Appl Ichthyol 24(4):503\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2006.01130.x","journal-title":"J Appl Ichthyol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1039\/b906712b","volume":"40","author":"WB Dunn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dunn WB, Broadhurst DI, Atherton HJ, Goodacre R, Griffin JL (2011) Systems level studies of mammalian metabolomes: the roles of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 40(1):387\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b906712b","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1678_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00885","volume":"15","author":"A-H Emwas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Emwas A-H, Roy R, McKay RT, Ryan D, Brennan L, Tenori L, Luchinat C, Gao X, Zeri AC, Gowda GAN, Raftery D, Steinbeck C, Salek RM, Wishart DS (2016) Recommendations and standardization of biomarker quantification using NMR-based metabolomics with particular focus on urinary analysis. J Proteome Res 15(2):360\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00885","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"1678_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9070123","author":"A-H Emwas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Emwas A-H, Roy R, McKay RT, Tenori L, Saccenti E, Gowda GAN, Raftery D, Alahmari F, Jaremko L, Jaremko M, Wishart DS (2019) NMR spectroscopy for metabolomics research. Metabolites. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo9070123","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"1678_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fiehn O (2002) Metabolomics \u2014 the link between genotypes and phenotypes. In: Town C (ed) Functional Genomics. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 155\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-010-0448-0_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0448-0_11"},{"issue":"7","key":"1678_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2013-0600","volume":"71","author":"A Folkvord","year":"2014","unstructured":"Folkvord A, J\u00f8rgensen C, Korsbrekke K, Nash RDM, Nilsen T, Skj\u00e6raasen JE (2014) Trade-offs between growth and reproduction in wild Atlantic cod. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 71(7):1106\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjfas-2013-0600","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1678_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2174\/138620712802650522","volume":"15","author":"T Gebregiworgis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gebregiworgis T, Powers R (2012) Application of NMR metabolomics to search for human disease biomarkers. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 15(8):595\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138620712802650522","journal-title":"Comb Chem High Throughput Screen"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2014.0097","volume":"19","author":"N G\u00e9rard","year":"2015","unstructured":"G\u00e9rard N, Fahiminiya S, Grupen CG, Nadal-Desbarats L (2015) Reproductive physiology and ovarian folliculogenesis examined via 1H-NMR metabolomics signatures: a comparative study of large and small follicles in three mammalian species (Bos taurus, Sus scrofa domesticus and Equus ferus caballus). OMICS 19(1):31\u201340","journal-title":"OMICS"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60118-2","volume":"14","author":"A Gueho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gueho A, \u017barski D, Rime H, Gu\u00e9vel B, Com E, Lavigne R, Nguyen T, Montfort J, Pineau C, Bobe J (2024) Evolutionarily conserved ovarian fluid proteins are responsible for extending egg viability in salmonid fish. Sci Rep 14(1):9651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-60118-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(78)90266-9","volume":"61","author":"T Hirano","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hirano T, Morisawa M, Suzuki K (1978) Changes in plasma and coelomic fluid composition of the mature salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) during freshwater adaptation. Comp Biochem Physiol a: Physiol 61(1):5\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0300-9629(78)90266-9","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol a: Physiol"},{"key":"1678_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.06.018","volume":"448","author":"BE \u0130nanan","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u0130nanan BE, \u00d6\u011fretmen F (2015) Determination of differences in the biochemical properties of sperm activating and non-activating ovarian fluids and their influences on sperm motility in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 448:539\u2013544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.06.018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-017-1178-y","volume":"13","author":"D Jacob","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jacob D, Deborde C, Lefebvre M, Maucourt M, Moing A (2017) NMRProcFlow: a graphical and interactive tool dedicated to 1D spectra processing for NMR-based metabolomics. Metabolomics 13(4):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11306-017-1178-y","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1678_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19950501","volume":"35","author":"F Lahnsteiner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lahnsteiner F, Weismann T, Patzner R (1995) Composition of the ovarian fluid in 4 salmonid species: Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo trutta f lacustris, Saivelinus alpinus and Hucho hucho. Reprod Nutr Dev 35(5):465\u2013474","journal-title":"Reprod Nutr Dev"},{"key":"1678_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739717","volume":"575","author":"E Legacki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Legacki E, Peterson BC, Hamlin H, Schock TB, Milligan M, Boggs A (2023) Using skin mucus for the identification of ovulation biomarkers in North American Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 575:739717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739717","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"6","key":"1678_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061669","volume":"11","author":"M Lomb\u00f3","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lomb\u00f3 M, Ruiz-D\u00edaz S, Guti\u00e9rrez-Ad\u00e1n A, S\u00e1nchez-Calabuig M-J (2021) Sperm metabolomics through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Animals 11(6):1669","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1678_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.08.001","volume":"43","author":"JL Markley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Markley JL, Br\u00fcschweiler R, Edison AS, Eghbalnia HR, Powers R, Raftery D, Wishart DS (2017) The future of NMR-based metabolomics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 43:34\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.08.001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo8040093","volume":"8","author":"CE McHugh","year":"2018","unstructured":"McHugh CE, Flott TL, Schooff CR, Smiley Z, Puskarich MA, Myers DD, Younger JG, Jones AE, Stringer KA (2018) Rapid, reproducible, quantifiable NMR metabolomics: methanol and methanol: chloroform precipitation for removal of macromolecules in serum and whole blood. Metabolites 8(4):93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo8040093","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"8","key":"1678_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30081838","volume":"30","author":"ED Mulard","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mulard ED, Gilard V, Balayssac S, Rautureau GJP (2025) Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance for small biological molecules in complex mixtures: practical guidelines and key considerations for non-specialists. Molecules 30(8):1838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30081838","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"1678_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9690-2_1","volume":"2037","author":"GGA Nagana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagana GGA, Raftery D (2019) Overview of NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics: opportunities and challenges. Methods Mol Biol 2037:3\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-9690-2_1","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"1678_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51652-9_2","volume":"1280","author":"GGA Nagana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagana GGA, Raftery D (2021) NMR-based metabolomics. Adv Exp Med Biol 1280:19\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-51652-9_2","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1678_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1080\/004982599238047","volume":"29","author":"JK Nicholson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nicholson JK, Lindon JC, Holmes E (1999) Metabonomics\u2019: understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data. Xenobiotica 29(11):1181\u20131189","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"1678_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737656","volume":"548","author":"J Nynca","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nynca J, \u017barski D, Fr\u00f6hlich T, K\u00f6ster M, Bobe J, Ciereszko A (2022) Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the importance of the protective role of ovarian fluid over eggs during the reproduction of pikeperch. Aquaculture 548:737656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737656","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"3","key":"1678_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1039\/b808986h","volume":"134","author":"HM Parsons","year":"2009","unstructured":"Parsons HM, Ekman DR, Collette TW, Viant MR (2009) Spectral relative standard deviation: a practical benchmark in metabolomics. Analyst 134(3):478\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/b808986h","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"1678_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ramsden JJ (2009) Metabolomics and metabonomics. In: Bioinformatics: an introduction. Springer London, London, pp 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-84800-257-9_16","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84800-257-9_16"},{"issue":"9","key":"1678_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1139\/f83-161","volume":"40","author":"DA Roff","year":"1983","unstructured":"Roff DA (1983) An allocation model of growth and reproduction in fish. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 40(9):1395\u20131404","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.09.009","volume":"152","author":"P Rosengrave","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosengrave P, Taylor H, Montgomerie R, Metcalf V, McBride K, Gemmell NJ (2009) Chemical composition of seminal and ovarian fluids of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and their effects on sperm motility traits. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 152(1):123\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.09.009","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1678_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2174\/2213235X01999140101150107","volume":"1","author":"TB Schock","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schock TB, Keller JM, Rice M, Balazs GH, Bearden DW (2013) Metabotyping of a protected non-model organism, green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), using 1H NMR spectroscopy and optimized plasma methods for metabolomics. Curr Metabolomics 1(4):279\u2013290","journal-title":"Curr Metabolomics"},{"issue":"12","key":"1678_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3980","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12848","volume":"47","author":"LR Thayer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thayer LR, Hamlin HJ (2016) Investigating factors contributing to reduced embryo survival in farm-raised Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Aquac Res 47(12):3980\u20133989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.12848","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"1678_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Velho ALC, Oliveira R, Dinh T, Moura A, Kaya A, Memili E (2017) Applications of metabolomics in reproductive biology. In: Constantinescu G, Schatten H (eds.) Animal models and human reproduction. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118881286.ch20","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118881286.ch20"},{"key":"1678_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3354\/meps332301","volume":"332","author":"MR Viant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Viant MR (2007) Metabolomics of aquatic organisms: the new \u2018omics\u2019 on the block. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 332:301\u2013306","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"issue":"10","key":"1678_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00856","volume":"4","author":"B Yanibada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yanibada B, Boudra H, Debrauwer L, Martin C, Morgavi DP, Canlet C (2018) Evaluation of sample preparation methods for NMR-based metabolomics of cow milk. Heliyon 4(10):e00856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00856","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"1","key":"1678_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2018.1473660","volume":"38","author":"J Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang G, Zhao C, Bai Y, Shu S, Fan Z, Xia C (2018) 1H NMR plasma metabolomic profiling of ovarian quiescence in energy balanced postpartum dairy cows. Vet Q 38(1):47\u201352","journal-title":"Vet Q"}],"container-title":["Fish Physiology and Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01678-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01678-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01678-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:34:19Z","timestamp":1776854059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01678-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01678-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-1742","1573-5168"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-1742","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-5168","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The animal study was reviewed and approved by the IACUC at the National Cold Water Marine Aquaculture Center in Franklin, ME (IACUC Approval No 2022\u201306).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Certain commercial equipment, instruments, trade names, products, or materials are identified in this paper in order to specify the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply or convey and should not be interpreted as conveying official approval, recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}],"article-number":"63"}}