{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:10:47Z","timestamp":1788768647540,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fish Physiol Biochem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-026-01759-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T09:55:09Z","timestamp":1785750909000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Astragalus polysaccharides in aquaculture: a comprehensive review on growth, immunity, and disease resistance"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Shengjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiying","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1759_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"D Bai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bai D, Wu X, Zhu G, Guo Y, Yang G (2012) Astragalus polysaccharides enhance cellular immune response and disease resistance in yellow catfish. Isr J Aquac - Bamidgeh 64:1\u20139","journal-title":"Isr J Aquac - Bamidgeh"},{"key":"1759_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146169","volume":"321","author":"C Bai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bai C, Huang G, Qi X, Wang J, Qiu L, Wang L, Liao T (2025) Impact of astragalus polysaccharide, chitosan and xylo-oligosaccharide on intestinal physicochemical properties and gut microbiota disorder of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco caused by transport stress. Int J Biol Macromol 321:146169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146169","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1759_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21608\/ejchem.2024.256024.8995","volume":"67","author":"AF Bakr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bakr AF, Youssef FS, Bahr AD, Ramadan RM (2024) Health benefits of astragalus polysaccharides and possible techniques for upgrading their efficiency; a comprehensive review. Egypt J Chem 67(6):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejchem.2024.256024.8995","journal-title":"Egypt J Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"1759_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12599","volume":"24","author":"ZQ Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang ZQ, Ge QQ, Sun M, Wang Q, Lv HY (2018) Immune responses by dietary supplement with Astragalus polysaccharides in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquac Nutr 24(2):665\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/anu.12599","journal-title":"Aquac Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"1759_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes10110593","volume":"10","author":"Z Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Z, Zeng C, Wang A, Wang H, Zhi X, Chen Z, Lv H, Qi Q, Wang P, Shao J (2025) Effects of astragalus polysaccharide and Isatis indigotica extract synergy on the antioxidant status, inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis, and intestinal health of Larimichthys crocea juveniles. Fishes 10(11):593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fishes10110593","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"issue":"4","key":"1759_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-020-00557-6","volume":"28","author":"Q Cui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cui Q, Zhao Z, Yuan C (2020) Effects of astragalus polysaccharides on hemocytes phagocytosis and gene expression of immune-related factors in Eriocheir sinensis. Aquac Int 28(4):1641\u20131653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-020-00557-6","journal-title":"Aquac Int"},{"key":"1759_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.101989","volume":"35","author":"Y Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan Y, Zhao H, Qin C, Ma L, Bi X (2024) Astragalus polysaccharides, cinnamaldehyde and their complexes affected growth, physicochemical parameters, histomorphology and flesh quality of Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquac Rep 35:101989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2024.101989","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"},{"key":"1759_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.009","volume":"118","author":"MR Farag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farag MR, Alagawany M, Khalil SR, Moustafa AA, Mahmoud HK (2021) Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides modulate growth, hemato-biochemical indices, hepatic antioxidants, and expression of HSP70 and apoptosis-related genes in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to sub-lethal thallium toxicity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 118:251\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.09.009","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1759_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-017-0117-2","volume":"25","author":"L Fu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fu L, Zhou G, Pan J, Li Y, Lu Q (2017) Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on antioxidant abilities and non-specific immune responses of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Aquac Int 25(3):1121\u20131134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-017-0117-2","journal-title":"Aquac Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"1759_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12101980","volume":"12","author":"X Hao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hao X, Lin H, Lin Z, Yang K, Hu J (2024) Effect of dietary Astragalus polysaccharides (APs) on the growth performance, antioxidant responses, immunological parameters, and intestinal microbiota of coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus). Microorganisms 12(10):1980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms12101980","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"1759_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.01.022","volume":"127","author":"R Harikrishnan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harikrishnan R, Devi G, Doan HV, Tapingkae W, Balasundaram C (2022) Changes in immune genes expression, immune response, digestive enzymes-antioxidant status, and growth of catla (Catla catla) fed with Astragalus polysaccharides against edwardsiellosis disease. Fish Shellfish Immunol 127:219\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.01.022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1759_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743216","volume":"612","author":"L He","year":"2026","unstructured":"He L, Xiao S, Wang X, Qin J, Chen L, Li E (2026) Dietary salidroside and astragalus polysaccharides enhance the growth performance and hypoxia tolerance of juvenile Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis). Aquaculture 612:743216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743216","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1759_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-824X-4-2","volume":"4","author":"G Hu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hu G, Mahady GB, Li S, Hoi MPM, Wang YH (2012) Polysaccharides from astragali radix restore chemical-induced blood vessel loss in zebrafish. Vasc Cell 4:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-824X-4-2","journal-title":"Vasc Cell"},{"key":"1759_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1043236","volume":"13","author":"HC Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu HC, Zhang W, Xiong PY, Song L, Jia B (2022) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of astragalus polysaccharide in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Front Pharmacol 13:1043236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.1043236","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1759_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13500","volume":"49","author":"H Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang H, Pan L, Pan S, Song M (2018) Effects of dietary herbal formulae combined by Astragalus polysaccharides, chlorogenic acid and allicin in different combinations and proportions on growth performance, non-specific immunity, antioxidant status, vibriosis resistance and damage indexes of Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquac Res 49(5):1878\u20131890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.13500","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"1759_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6191330","volume":"2023","author":"Z Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang Z, Ye Y, Xu A, Li Z (2023) Effects of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides on growth performance, physiological and biochemical parameters, and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Aquac Nutr 2023:6191330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/6191330","journal-title":"Aquac Nutr"},{"key":"1759_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-025-10120-x","author":"X Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang X, Guo Z, Wang Z, Ma C, Dong Y (2025) Polysaccharides, saponins and flavonoids in Astragali Radix: a review of phytochemistry and pharmacology for future therapeutic applications. Phytochem Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11101-025-10120-x","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"1759_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-011-9575-z","volume":"38","author":"R Jia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jia R, Cao L, Xu P, Jeney G, Yin G (2012) Astragalus polysaccharides modulate growth, hemato-biochemical indices, hepatic antioxidants, and expression of HSP70 and apoptosis-related genes in Cyprinus carpio exposed to sub-lethal thallium toxicity. Fish Physiol Biochem 38(3):871\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-011-9575-z","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1759_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.196","volume":"136","author":"N Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia N, Qiao H, Zhu W, Zhu M, Meng Q (2019) Antioxidant, immunomodulatory, oxidative stress inhibitory and iron supplementation effect of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide\u2013iron (III) complex on iron-deficiency anemia mouse model. Int J Biol Macromol 136:1028\u20131037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.196","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"1759_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jie Z, Qiqi H, Chunjing L, Yanjing Z, Xianghui K (2022) Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on the growth performance, antioxidant parameters, and disease resistance of Qihe crucian carp (Carassius auratus). J Fish Sci China 29(6):1244\u20131254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12264\/JFSC2022-0144","DOI":"10.12264\/JFSC2022-0144"},{"key":"1759_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01271-9","author":"XY Lei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lei XY, Sun J, Bi CC, Wang X, Cao X (2024) Alleviating effect of astragalus polysaccharide on salinity-alkali stress-induced intestinal injury in hybrid crucian carp. Aquac Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-023-01271-9","journal-title":"Aquac Int"},{"key":"1759_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736677","volume":"540","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Ran C, Wei K, Xie Y, Xie M (2021) The effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on growth, gut and liver health, and anti-viral immunity of zebrafish. Aquaculture 540:736677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736677","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1759_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124999","volume":"244","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Dong X, Zhang Y, Xiao T, Zhao Y, Wang H (2023) Astragalus polysaccharide improves the growth, meat quality, antioxidant capacity and bacterial resistance of Furong crucian carp (Furong carp\u2640 \u00d7 red crucian carp\u2642). Int J Biol Macromol 244:124999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124999","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1759_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14070767","volume":"14","author":"S Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li S, Liu X, Lin T, Ren Y, Zhang D, Jiang K (2025) Dietary astragalus polysaccharides can improve the immune capacity and reproductive performance of the lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus). Biology (Basel) 14(7):767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology14070767","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"1759_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.08.035","volume":"70","author":"SM Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin SM, Jiang Y, Chen YJ, Luo L, Doolgindachbaporn S (2017) Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides (APs) and chitooligosaccharides (COS) on growth, immune response and disease resistance of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. Fish Shellfish Immunol 70:40\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.08.035","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1759_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13728","volume":"46","author":"G Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin G, Da F, Wan X, Huang Y, Yang S (2023) Immune-enhancing effects of Astragalus polysaccharides and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on Vibrio harveyi flgJ DNA vaccine in grouper. J Fish Dis 46(8):959\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.13728","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"1759_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734752","volume":"521","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Miao Y, Xu N, Ding T, Cui K (2020) Effects of dietary Astragalus polysaccharides (APs) on survival, growth performance, activities of digestive enzyme, antioxidant responses and intestinal development of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) larvae. Aquaculture 521:734752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734752","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1759_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109249","volume":"251","author":"J Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhang P, Wang B, Lu Y, Li L (2022) Evaluation of the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides as immunostimulants on the immune response of crucian carp and against SVCV in vitro and in vivo. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 251:109249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109249","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1759_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu J, Si Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Liu J (2023) Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides, ginseng polysaccharides and Moringa oleifera powder on immune function and antioxidant capacity of Litopenaeus vannamei and its offspring. Chin J Anim Nutr 35(6):3841\u20133852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12418\/CJAN2023.361","DOI":"10.12418\/CJAN2023.361"},{"key":"1759_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.010","volume":"205","author":"YF Pu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pu YF, Wu SJ (2022) The growth performance, body composition and nonspecific immunity of white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) affected by dietary Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 205:376\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.010","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"1759_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110229","author":"J Shao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shao J, Wang X, Liu Q, Lv H, Qi Q, Li C, Zhang J, Chen X, Chen X (2025) Eucommia ulmoides leaf extracts combined with Astragalus polysaccharides: effects on growth, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal inflammation in juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Fish Shellfish Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110229","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1759_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.742028","author":"J Shao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shao J, Wu L, Wu X, Zhang J, Wang L (2025) Synergistic benefits of Eleutherococcus senticosus extract and Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides in juvenile Larimichthys crocea: enhanced growth, amplified antioxidant activity, and reduced inflammation. Aquaculture. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.742028","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"7","key":"1759_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1111\/are.151","volume":"52","author":"HZ Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi HZ, Wu B, Shi GW, Zhu ZB (2021) The effects of astragalus polysaccharides on the growth, heat stress tolerance and related gene expression of the leech Whitmania pigra. Aquac Res 52(7):3185\u20133196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.151","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"1759_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.736205","volume":"533","author":"F Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi F, Lu Z, Yang M, Li F, Zhan F (2021) Astragalus polysaccharides mediate the immune response and intestinal microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Aquaculture 533:736205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.736205","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1759_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101908","volume":"34","author":"X Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi X, Wu C, Ma H, Liu J, Fu C, Zhou R, Jiang Y, Zhang R (2024) Exploring the effects of astragalus polysaccharide food supplementation on growth performance, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microflora in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis). Aquac Rep 34:101908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101908","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"},{"key":"1759_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.09.049","volume":"94","author":"X Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song X, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Zhu W (2019) Regulation of dietary Astragalus polysaccharide (APs) supplementation on the non-specific immune response and intestinal microbiota of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 94:750\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.09.049","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1759_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.110107","volume":"119","author":"Y Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song Y, Chen H, An H, Wang Y, Shao J (2025) Dietary Astragalus polysaccharides enhance potency of inactivated Pseudomonas plecoglossicida vaccine in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Fish Shellfish Immunol 119:110107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.110107","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1759_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.02.056","volume":"99","author":"Y Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun Y, Wang X, Zhou H, Mai K, He G (2020) Dietary astragalus polysaccharides ameliorates the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immune responses in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 99:432\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.02.056","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1759_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125158","volume":"225","author":"S Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun S, Bian C, Zhou N, Shen Z, Yu M (2023) Dietary astragalus polysaccharides improve the growth and innate immune response of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii: insights from the brain-gut axis. Int J Biol Macromol 225:125158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125158","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1759_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chmed.2024.09.004","volume":"17","author":"H Tian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tian H, An L, Wang P, Zhang X, Gao W (2025) Review of Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides: extraction process, structural features, bioactivities and applications. Chin Herb Med 17(2):100468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chmed.2024.09.004","journal-title":"Chin Herb Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1759_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.09.002","volume":"27","author":"T Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang T, Sun Y, Jin L, Xu Y, Wang L (2009) Enhancement of non-specific immune response in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) by Astragalus membranaceus and its polysaccharides. Fish Shellfish Immunol 27(5):757\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.09.002","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1759_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"X Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang X, Ding L, Yan M, Chai X, Lu R (2012) Polysaccharides, saponins, and water decoction of Astragalus membranaceus significantly enhance the non-specific immune response of spotted maigre (Nibea albiflora). Isr J Aquac - Bamidgeh 64:1\u20138","journal-title":"Isr J Aquac - Bamidgeh"},{"key":"1759_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.01.015","volume":"99","author":"G Wei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wei G, Cai S, Wu Y, Ma S, Huang Y (2020) Immune effect of Vibrio harveyi formalin-killed cells vaccine combined with chitosan oligosaccharide and astragalus polysaccharides in \u2640Epinephelus fuscoguttatus \u00d7 \u2642Epinephelus lanceolatus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 99:356\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.01.015","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1759_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.005","volume":"149","author":"S Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu S (2020) Dietary Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide ameliorates the growth performance and innate immunity of juvenile crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Int J Biol Macromol 149:668\u2013676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.005","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1759_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes10050213","volume":"10","author":"C Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu C, Yang H, Yang Y, Yuan Q, Lv W, Ayana GU, Li M, Su D, Zhou W, Zhang Q (2025) Dietary supplementation of Astragalus polysaccharides modulates growth physiology, metabolic homeostasis, and innate immune responses in rice field eels (Monopterus albus). Fishes 10(5):213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fishes10050213","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"key":"1759_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6686748","author":"F Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang F, Xiu M, Yang S, Li X, Tuo W (2021) Extension of Drosophila lifespan by astragalus polysaccharide through a mechanism dependent on antioxidant and insulin\/IGF-1 signaling. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6686748","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1759_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.176","volume":"207","author":"W Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu W, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Huang X, Huang Z (2022) Effects of dietary astragalus polysaccharides on growth, health and resistance to Vibrio harveyi of Lates calcarifer. Int J Biol Macromol 207:850\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.176","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1759_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2007.10.009","volume":"8","author":"C Yuan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yuan C, Pan X, Gong Y, Xia A, Wu G (2008) Effects of astragalus polysaccharides (APs) on the expression of immune response genes in head kidney, gill and spleen of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Int Immunopharmacol 8(1):51\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2007.10.009","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1759_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.03.002","volume":"38","author":"E Zahran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zahran E, Risha E, AbdelHamid F, Mahgoub HA, Ibrahim T (2014) Effects of dietary Astragalus polysaccharides (APs) on growth performance, immunological parameters, digestive enzymes, and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 38(1):149\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.03.002","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"1759_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.004","volume":"100","author":"W Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang W, Zhang M, Cheng A, Hao E, Huang X (2020) Immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of Astragalus polysaccharide liposome in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Fish Shellfish Immunol 100:126\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.03.004","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1759_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2022-089","volume":"42","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Shu D, Cheng X, Tian T, Xiao K (2023) Effect of plant polysaccharides (Poria cocos and astragalus polysaccharides) on immune responses and intestinal microbiota of Dabry\u2019s sturgeons. Biosci Microbiota Food Health 42(2):47\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12938\/bmfh.2022-089","journal-title":"Biosci Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"1759_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740398","volume":"581","author":"W Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang W, Wang Y, Cheng A, Liu R, Kang F (2024) Protective effects of dietary Astragalus polysaccharides on large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Aquaculture 581:740398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740398","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1759_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.742029","volume":"566","author":"W Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao W, Li C, Wu X, Zhang J, Wang L (2025) Synergistic effects of dietary Forsythia suspensa extract and Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides on growth enhancement, antioxidant boost, and inflammation alleviation in juvenile Larimichthys crocea. Aquaculture 566:742029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.742029","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"1759_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.117511","volume":"197","author":"N Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao N, Li Y, Qu Q, Shao J, Pei D (2025) Effects of different processing (Paozhi) methods on the structural characteristics and bidirectional immunomodulatory activities of Astragalus polysaccharides. Food Res Int 197:117511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.117511","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"1759_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109121","volume":"244","author":"XM Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu XM, Liu XY, Xia CG, Li MY, Niu XT (2021) Effects of dietary Astragalus propinquus Schischkin polysaccharides on growth performance, immunological parameters, antioxidants responses and inflammation-related gene expression in Channa argus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 244:109121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpc.2021.109121","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1759_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.103283","volume":"46","author":"X Zhu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhu X, Zhan Y, Chen Y, Hang Y, Wang C, Mi S, Zhang J, Sun M, Yuan L, Lin M, Liu S, Luo B, Yu D, Hua X, Zhong C (2026) Combined effects of glutamine dipeptide, plant essential oils, and Astragalus polysaccharide on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and intestinal health in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Aquac Rep 46:103283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2025.103283","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"}],"container-title":["Fish Physiology and Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01759-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01759-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01759-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T07:55:21Z","timestamp":1788767721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01759-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-026-01759-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0920-1742","1573-5168"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0920-1742","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-5168","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"136"}}