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The fish were divided into the control, vehicle, and TVEO-treated groups at concentrations of 18.6\u00a0mg. L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 27.9\u00a0mg. L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 37.2\u00a0mg. L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and 46.5\u00a0mg. L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , administered by immersion baths. Anesthetic efficacy was evaluated by means of induction time, loss of righting response, and recovery time. Electrocardiographic recordings were used to monitor heart rate and rhythm, allowing the analysis of possible pharmacological effects on cardiac electrical conduction. A concentration of 18.6\u00a0mg. L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    promoted mild anesthesia without loss of postural response or relevant cardiovascular changes. Concentrations of 27.9\u00a0mg. L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 37.2\u00a0mg. L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    induced effective anesthesia, with rapid induction, adequate recovery, and electrocardiographic stability, characterizing the main therapeutic window. The concentration of 46.5\u00a0mg. L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    resulted in transient cardiovascular depression, evidenced by a reduction in heart rate, suggesting autonomic modulation and possible interaction with cardiac ion channels.\n                    <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    essential oil exhibits concentration-dependent anesthetic action\n                    <jats:italic>in C. macropomum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with concentrations of 27.9, 37.2, and 46.5\u00a0mg. L\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    representing the window for anesthesia in moderate to deep planes. The findings indicate the involvement of central and cardiovascular pharmacological mechanisms, reinforcing the potential of TVEO as a natural alternative to synthetic anesthetics in fish.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-026-01783-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:44:15Z","timestamp":1788770655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Behavioral and electrophysiological evaluation of the anesthetic therapeutic window of thyme essential oil in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0038-7201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Juliana","family":"da Luz Froz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axell","family":"Lins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00f4mulo Augusto Faio","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diogo Macola","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Machado","family":"da Silva Zamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Vitoria Ferreira","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xaiane Mikelly Baia","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Hamoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1783_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10370","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo02120f","volume":"12","author":"Q An","year":"2021","unstructured":"An Q, Ren JN, Li X et al (2021) Recent updates on bioactive properties of linalool. 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The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Committee on Ethics in the Use of Animals of the Federal University of Par\u00e1 (CEUA-UFPA) under protocol number 1777260924 (ID 002765). The use of animals followed the ARRIVE guidelines and complied with international standards for the ethical treatment of laboratory animals, in line with the\n                      Basel Declaration\n                      and the principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs). 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