{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:24:30Z","timestamp":1791570270279,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Collaborative program in additive manufacturing"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001332","name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Fract"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) imposes steep thermal gradients, resulting in distortion and the formation of significant residual stresses, which often precipitate in-situ cracking at support interfaces and sharp geometric features. To isolate their influence on structural integrity, we combined fracture mechanics testing with residual stress evaluation on as-built compact tension specimens printed in two orthogonal orientations. The experimentally measured apparent stress-intensity factor was deconvolved into mechanical and residual-stress components, yielding a residual-stress-free fracture toughness (\n \n \n $${K}_{ICeff}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n \n ICeff<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ). Apparent fracture toughness (\n \n \n $${K}_{IC})$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n \n IC<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n )<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ranged from 25 to 35\u00a0MPa\u00a0m\n 1\/2<\/jats:sup>\n , whereas\n \n \n $${K}_{ICeff}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n K<\/mml:mi>\n \n ICeff<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n increased to 45\u201352\u00a0MPa\u00a0m\n 1\/2<\/jats:sup>\n . Residual stresses, therefore, depress the material\u2019s residual-stress-free resistance by up to\u2009~\u200950% and accentuate orientation-dependent anisotropy. The framework presented offers a route for quantifying process-induced toughness degradation in LPBF alloys.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10704-025-00906-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:28:45Z","timestamp":1768206525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The effect of residual stress on the fracture toughness of Ti\u20136Al\u20134V produced by laser-based powder bed fusion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"250","author":[{"given":"D. F.","family":"Louw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Neaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. H.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"906_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ACTAMAT.2021.117240","volume":"219","author":"T Becker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Becker T, Kumar P, Ramamurty U (2021) Fracture and fatigue in additively manufactured metals. Acta Mater 219:117240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ACTAMAT.2021.117240","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"906_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2020.07.049","volume":"197","author":"TH Becker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Becker TH, Dhansay NM, Haar GMT, Vanmeensel K (2020) Near-threshold fatigue crack growth rates of laser powder bed fusion produced Ti-6Al-4V. Acta Mater 197:269\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actamat.2020.07.049","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"906_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2013.11.001","volume":"75","author":"F Berto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berto F, Lazzarin P (2014) Recent developments in brittle and quasi-brittle failure assessment of engineering materials by means of local approaches. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 75:1\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mser.2013.11.001","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng R Rep"},{"key":"906_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2016.09.086","volume":"678","author":"DW Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown DW, Bernardin JD, Carpenter JS et al (2016) Neutron diffraction measurements of residual stress in additively manufactured stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A 678:291\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msea.2016.09.086","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng A"},{"key":"906_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ADDMA.2019.100871","volume":"30","author":"A du Plessis","year":"2019","unstructured":"du Plessis A (2019) Effects of process parameters on porosity in laser powder bed fusion revealed by X-ray tomography. Addit Manuf 30:100871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ADDMA.2019.100871","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"906_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3656897","volume":"85","author":"F Erdogan","year":"1963","unstructured":"Erdogan F, Sih GC (1963) On the crack extension in plates under plane loading and transverse shear. J Basic Eng 85:519\u2013525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.3656897","journal-title":"J Basic Eng"},{"key":"906_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31399\/asm.tb.tpmpa.9781627083188","volume-title":"Titanium: physical metallurgy, processing and applications","author":"FH Froes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Froes FH (2015) Titanium: physical metallurgy, processing and applications. ASM International, Materials Park"},{"key":"906_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill MR, Van Dalen JE, Prime MB (2011) Assessment of Residual Stress in Fracture Mechanics Coupons. In: ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference","DOI":"10.1115\/PVP2011-57768"},{"key":"906_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JAI101713","author":"MR Hill","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hill MR, Vandalen JE (2008) Evaluation of residual stress corrections to fracture toughness values. J ASTM Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JAI101713","journal-title":"J ASTM Int"},{"key":"906_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2018.05.044","volume":"154","author":"P Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar P, Prakash O, Ramamurty U (2018) Micro-and meso-structures and their influence on mechanical properties of selectively laser melted Ti-6Al-4V. Acta Mater 154:246\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actamat.2018.05.044","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"906_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026574400858","volume":"106","author":"Y Lei","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lei Y, Odowd NP, Webster GA (2000) Fracture mechanics analysis of a crack in a residual stress field. Int J Fract 106:195\u2013216","journal-title":"Int J Fract"},{"key":"906_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148199","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MSEA.2025.148199","volume":"931","author":"DF Louw","year":"2025","unstructured":"Louw DF, Neaves M, McDuling C, Becker TH (2025) Fracture toughness of laser-based powder bed fusion produced Ti-6Al-4V. Mater Sci Eng A 931:148199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MSEA.2025.148199","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng A"},{"key":"906_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71398-2","volume-title":"Titanium","author":"G L\u00fctjering","year":"2003","unstructured":"L\u00fctjering G, Williams JC (2003) Titanium. Springer, Berlin"},{"key":"906_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1108\/13552540610707013","volume":"12","author":"P Mercelis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mercelis P, Kruth JP (2006) Residual stresses in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp J 12:254\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/13552540610707013","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp J"},{"key":"906_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2010.02.012","volume":"77","author":"JC Newman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Newman JC, Yamada Y, James MA (2010) Stress-intensity-factor equations for compact specimen subjected to concentrated forces. Eng Fract Mech 77:1025\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2010.02.012","journal-title":"Eng Fract Mech"},{"key":"906_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ADDMA.2016.05.014","volume":"12","author":"L Parry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parry L, Ashcroft IA, Wildman RD (2016) Understanding the effect of laser scan strategy on residual stress in selective laser melting through thermo-mechanical simulation. Addit Manuf 12:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ADDMA.2016.05.014","journal-title":"Addit Manuf"},{"key":"906_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118402832.ch5","volume-title":"Practical residual stress measurement methods","author":"MB Prime","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prime MB, Dewald AT (2013) The contour method. In: Schajer GS (ed) Practical residual stress measurement methods. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, pp 109\u2013138"},{"key":"906_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MSEA.2005.02.019","volume":"399","author":"P Rangaswamy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rangaswamy P, Griffith ML, Prime MB et al (2005) Residual stresses in LENS\u00ae components using neutron diffraction and contour method. Mater Sci Eng A 399:72\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MSEA.2005.02.019","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng A"},{"key":"906_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02317418","volume":"37","author":"H-J Schindler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schindler H-J, Cheng W, Finnie I (1997) Experimental determination of stress intensity factors due to residual stresses. Exp Mech 37:272\u2013277","journal-title":"Exp Mech"},{"key":"906_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMRT.2023.10.252","volume":"27","author":"J Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun J, Nitschke-Pagel T, Dilger K (2023) Generation and distribution mechanism of welding-induced residual stresses. J Mater Res Technol 27:3936\u20133954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JMRT.2023.10.252","journal-title":"J Mater Res Technol"},{"key":"906_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2019.04.023","volume":"755","author":"AK Syed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Syed AK, Ahmad B, Guo H et al (2019) An experimental study of residual stress and direction-dependence of fatigue crack growth behaviour in as-built and stress-relieved selective-laser-melted Ti6Al4V. Mater Sci Eng A 755:246\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msea.2019.04.023","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng A"},{"key":"906_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1002\/MDP2.138","volume":"3","author":"GM Ter Haar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ter Haar GM, Becker TH (2021) Low temperature stress relief and martensitic decomposition in selective laser melting produced Ti6Al4V. Mater Des Process Commun 3:e138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/MDP2.138","journal-title":"Mater Des Process Commun"},{"key":"906_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315370293","volume-title":"Fracture mechanics fundamentals and applications","author":"TL Anderson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anderson TL (2017) Fracture mechanics fundamentals and applications, 4th edn. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, New York","edition":"4"},{"key":"906_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2014.05.016","volume":"87","author":"B Vrancken","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vrancken B, Cain V, Knutsen R, Van Humbeeck J (2014) Residual stress via the contour method in compact tension specimens produced via selective laser melting. Scr Mater 87:29\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2014.05.016","journal-title":"Scr Mater"},{"key":"906_CR25","unstructured":"Wohlers TT, Campbell I, Caffrey T, et al (2018) Wohlers Report 2018: 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry: Annual World Wide Progress Report"},{"key":"906_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2015.1026045","volume":"10","author":"I Yadroitsev","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yadroitsev I, Yadroitsava I (2015) Evaluation of residual stress in stainless steel 316L and Ti6Al4V samples produced by selective laser melting. Virtual Phys Prototyp 10:67\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17452759.2015.1026045","journal-title":"Virtual Phys Prototyp"},{"key":"906_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/S11740-009-0192-Y\/FIGURES\/19","volume":"4","author":"MF Zaeh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zaeh MF, Branner G (2010) Investigations on residual stresses and deformations in selective laser melting. Prod Eng 4:35\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S11740-009-0192-Y\/FIGURES\/19","journal-title":"Prod Eng"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Fracture"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10704-025-00906-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10704-025-00906-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10704-025-00906-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T13:21:06Z","timestamp":1771507266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10704-025-00906-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10704-025-00906-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7009031\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0376-9429","1573-2673"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-9429","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2673","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"7"}}