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Therefore, the frequency and timing of flux measurements after urine application are important when determining cumulative F(N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O)\n                    <jats:sub>urine<\/jats:sub>\n                    . In this study, F(N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O)\n                    <jats:sub>urine<\/jats:sub>\n                    was measured in eight experiments at high temporal frequency using an automatic chamber system in a pasture located in Switzerland. A driver analysis using random forest identified the time since urine application as most important predictor for F(N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O)\n                    <jats:sub>urine<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The exponential decay in F(N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O)\n                    <jats:sub>urine<\/jats:sub>\n                    after urine addition was in parallel to decreasing soil ammonium but anticorrelated to nitrate concentration, suggesting that nitrification and nitrifier denitrification are major source processes. Since nitrate showed elevated concentrations up to 122\u00a0days after application, bacterial denitrification is most likely responsible for late F(N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O)\n                    <jats:sub>urine<\/jats:sub>\n                    peaks following an increase of WFPS. The isotopic composition of the emitted N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O indicates that nitrification dominates the N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O production immediately after urine application, while bacterial denitrification and nitrifier denitrification become more important with increasing time since urine application. The observed high-frequency emission time series were also used to simulate typical low-frequent manual chamber sampling schedules. They led to considerable deviations (up to\u2009\u00b1\u200930%) of the time-integrated N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emission. However, the average bias was considerably smaller (\u2212\u20095%) for the prescribed sampling schedule, indicating that manual chamber measurements can reasonably quantify average total N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O emissions from urine patches under the present pedoclimatic conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-026-10498-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T03:48:54Z","timestamp":1779162534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal dynamics of N2O emissions from pasture urine patches: drivers and source processes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Lena","family":"Barczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Jocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Havsteen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Mohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Six","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christof","family":"Ammann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"10498_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2006.12.007","volume":"121","author":"P Ambus","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ambus P, Petersen SO, Soussana J-F (2007) Short-term carbon and nitrogen cycling in urine patches assessed by combined carbon-13 and nitrogen-15 labelling. 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