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Among the multiple mechanisms for efficient adaptation, these bacteria typically exhibit chemical modifications in the structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a fundamental component of their outer membrane. In particular, the glycolipid anchor to the membrane of marine bacteria LPSs, i.e. the lipid A, frequently shows unusual chemical structures, which are reflected in equally singular immunological properties with potential applications as immune adjuvants or anti-sepsis drugs. In this work, we determined the chemical structure of the lipid A from <jats:italic>Cellulophaga pacifica<\/jats:italic> KMM 3664<jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup> isolated from the Sea of Japan. This bacterium showed to produce a heterogeneous mixture of lipid A molecules that mainly display five acyl chains and carry a single phosphate and a D-mannose disaccharide on the glucosamine backbone. Furthermore, we proved that <jats:italic>C. pacifica<\/jats:italic> KMM 3664<jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup> LPS acts as a weaker activator of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) compared to the prototypical enterobacterial <jats:italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/jats:italic> LPS. Our results are relevant to the future development of novel vaccine adjuvants and immunomodulators inspired by marine LPS chemistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-024-10149-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T07:02:00Z","timestamp":1713596520000},"page":"119-131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Increasing outer membrane complexity: the case of the lipopolysaccharide lipid A from marine Cellulophaga pacifica"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4402-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Andretta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"De Chiara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Pagliuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Cirella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Di Rosario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim S.","family":"Kokoulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga I.","family":"Nedashkovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5394-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Silipo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3456-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Molinaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4821-0114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaviana","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"10149_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801779","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.801779","volume":"11","author":"E Andretta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andretta, E., Costa, C., Longobardi, C., Damiano, S., Giordano, A., Pagnini, F., Montagnaro, S., Quintiliani, M., Lauritano, C., Ciarcia, R.: Potential approaches Versus approved or developing chronic myeloid leukemia therapy. 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