{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:05:57Z","timestamp":1784268357553,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122G222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122G222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122G222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122G222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122G222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122G222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122G222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122G222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122G222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122G222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Care Anal"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10728-026-00587-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:26:54Z","timestamp":1784266014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physician Brain Drain from Turkey: Push\u2013Pull Dynamics, Return Intentions, and the Normative Challenge for Health Policy"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Dilaver","family":"Tengilimo\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elif","family":"E\u015fiyok Barut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alper","family":"G\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra","family":"Kavaso\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oktay","family":"Karaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faruk","family":"Guven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.23611","author":"C Aluttis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aluttis, C., Bishaw, T., & Frank, M. W. (2014). The workforce for health in a globalized context\u2014global shortages and international migration. Global Health Action. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/gha.v7.23611","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"key":"587_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-019-0536-0","volume":"16","author":"A Botezat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Botezat, A., & Ramos, R. (2020). Physicians\u2019 brain drain\u2014A gravity model of migration flows. Globalization and Health, 16, Article 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-019-0536-0","journal-title":"Globalization and Health"},{"key":"587_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2006). The World Health Report 2006: Working Together for Health. WHO. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9241563176"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR4","first-page":"91","volume":"72","author":"V Kwok","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kwok, V., & Leland, H. (1982). An economic model of the brain drain. The American Economic Review, 72(1), 91\u2013100.","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"587_CR5","unstructured":"Cervantes, M., & Guellec, D. (2002). The brain drain: Old myths, new realities. The OECD Observer, (230), 40."},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.3.107","volume":"25","author":"J Gibson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gibson, J., & McKenzie, D. (2011). Eight questions about brain drain. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3), 107\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/jep.25.3.107","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00104-9","volume":"86","author":"O Stark","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stark, O., & Wang, Y. (2002). Inducing human capital formation: Migration as a substitute for subsidies. Journal of Public Economics, 86(1), 29\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0047-2727(01)00104-9","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3878(00)00133-4","volume":"64","author":"M Beine","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2001). Brain drain and economic growth: Theory and evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 275\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-3878(00)00133-4","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"key":"587_CR9","unstructured":"TTB. (2024). Good-standing certificate application data. Turkish Medical Association."},{"key":"587_CR10","unstructured":"TurkStat. (2024). Higher education brain drain statistics, 2024 [Press release]. Turkish Statistical Institute. https:\/\/data.tuik.gov.tr\/Bulten\/Index?p=Yuksekogretim-Beyin-Gocu-Istatistikleri-2024-54053"},{"issue":"17","key":"587_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa050004","volume":"353","author":"F Mullan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mullan, F. (2005). The metrics of the physician brain drain. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(17), 1810\u20131818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsa050004","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"587_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-89","volume":"6","author":"JM Kirigia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kirigia, J. M., Gbary, A. R., Muthuri, L. K., Nyoni, J., & Seddoh, A. (2006). The cost of health professionals\u2019 brain drain in Kenya. BMC Health Services Research, 6, Article 89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-6-89","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2003.00107.x","volume":"35","author":"DS Kline","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kline, D. S. (2003). Push and pull factors in international nurse migration. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 35(2), 107\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2003.00107.x","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"key":"587_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2307\/2060063","volume":"3","author":"ES Lee","year":"1966","unstructured":"Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3, 47\u201357.","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR15","first-page":"45","volume":"8","author":"Z Akt\u00fcrk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akt\u00fcrk, Z., Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, F., Demirta\u015f, B., & Aslan, A. (2024). Medical professionals\u2019 migration from Turkey: Motivations, legal framework, and socio-political context. International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research, 8(2), 45\u201352.","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research"},{"key":"587_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-12183-6","volume":"24","author":"H Mutlu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mutlu, H., Bozkurt, G., & \u00d6ngel, G. (2024). Fear of violence and brain drain analysis among healthcare workers in Turkey. BMC Health Services Research, 24, Article 1666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-024-12183-6","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.61859\/hacettepesid.1505681","volume":"28","author":"G Acar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Acar, G., & Sa\u011fba\u015f, M. (2025). The relationship between quality of work life, migration intention and violence among healthcare workers. Hacettepe Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130daresi Dergisi, 28(1), 113\u2013126.","journal-title":"Hacettepe Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130daresi Dergisi"},{"key":"587_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102409","volume":"76","author":"E Adovor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adovor, E., Czaika, M., Docquier, F., & Moullan, Y. (2021). Medical brain drain: How many, where and why? Journal of Health Economics, 76, Article 102409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2020.102409","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1353\/eco.2006.0009","volume":"6","author":"N Hildebrandt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hildebrandt, N., McKenzie, D. J., Esquivel, G., & Schargrodsky, E. (2005). The effects of migration on child health in Mexico. Econom\u00eda, 6(1), 257\u2013289.","journal-title":"Econom\u00eda"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2014.03.014","volume":"117","author":"AA Ifanti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ifanti, A. A., Argyriou, A. A., Kalofonou, F. H., & Kalofonos, H. P. (2014). Physicians\u2019 brain drain in Greece: A perspective on the reasons why and how to address it. Health Policy, 117(2), 210\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthpol.2014.03.014","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010043","volume":"17","author":"K Dubas-Jak\u00f3bczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dubas-Jak\u00f3bczyk, K., Domaga\u0142a, A., Kiedik, D., & Pe\u00f1a-S\u00e1nchez, J. N. (2020). Exploring satisfaction and migration intentions of physicians in three university hospitals in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17010043","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihu072","volume":"7","author":"YA Fouad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fouad, Y. A., Fahmy, Y. M., Abdel Hady, S. M., & Elsabagh, A. E. (2015). Egyptian future physicians are packing to leave but may be willing to return. International Health, 7(3), 190\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/inthealth\/ihu072","journal-title":"International Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640241285834","volume":"71","author":"A Bener","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bener, A., Ventriglio, A., Almas, F., & Bhugra, D. (2024). Determinants of brain drain among physicians in Turkey: Findings from a national exploratory study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 71(1), 179\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00207640241285834","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"587_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1353\/hcr.2007.0070","volume":"37","author":"J Dwyer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dwyer, J. (2007). What\u2019s wrong with the global migration of health care professionals? Individual rights and international justice. Hastings Center Report, 37(5), 36\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hcr.2007.0070","journal-title":"Hastings Center Report"},{"key":"587_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2013.13845","volume":"143","author":"E Kollar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kollar, E., & Buyx, A. (2013). Ethics and policy of medical brain drain: A review. Swiss Medical Weekly, 143, Article w13845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4414\/smw.2013.13845","journal-title":"Swiss Medical Weekly"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2004.01.006","volume":"70","author":"T Martineau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Martineau, T., Decker, K., & Bundred, P. (2004). Brain drain of health professionals: From rhetoric to responsible action. Health Policy, 70(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthpol.2004.01.006","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"587_CR27","volume-title":"Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World","author":"D Kapur","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kapur, D., & McHale, J. (2005). Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and Its Impact on the Developing World. Center for Global Development."},{"key":"587_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-003-0174-x","volume":"18","author":"D Lien","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lien, D., & Wang, Y. (2005). Brain drain or brain gain: A revisit. Journal of Population Economics, 18, 153\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00148-003-0174-x","journal-title":"Journal of Population Economics"},{"key":"587_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ette, A., & Witte, N. (2021). Brain drain or brain circulation? Economic and non-economic factors driving the international migration of German citizens. In M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider, & N. Witte (Eds.), The Global Lives of German Migrants (pp. 65\u201383). Springer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-67498-4_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67498-4_4"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR30","first-page":"895","volume":"26","author":"S Aydan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aydan, S. (2023). Evaluation of Turkey\u2019s working conditions in terms of physician migration. Hacettepe Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130daresi Dergisi, 26(3), 895\u2013920.","journal-title":"Hacettepe Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130daresi Dergisi"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/dewb.12426","volume":"24","author":"FG \u00d6nal","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00d6nal, F. G., & Akay, F. E. (2024). Are Turkish doctors in deep water? The role of professional ethics and factors affecting the medical brain drain: A qualitative study from Turkey. Developing World Bioethics, 24(4), 284\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dewb.12426","journal-title":"Developing World Bioethics"},{"issue":"9","key":"587_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.12.013","volume":"64","author":"J Connell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Connell, J., Zurn, P., Stilwell, B., Awases, M., & Braichet, J. M. (2007). Sub-Saharan Africa: Beyond the health worker migration crisis? Social Science and Medicine, 64(9), 1876\u20131891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2006.12.013","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"587_CR33","volume-title":"Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.","edition":"3rd ed."},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.83.1.17","volume":"83","author":"TA Judge","year":"1998","unstructured":"Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 17\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.83.1.17","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR35","first-page":"17","volume":"1","author":"O Ba\u015fol","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ba\u015fol, O., & \u00c7\u00f6mlekci, M. F. (2020). Adaptation of job satisfaction scale: Validity and reliability study. K\u0131rklareli \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Y\u00fcksekokulu Dergisi, 1(2), 17\u201331.","journal-title":"K\u0131rklareli \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Y\u00fcksekokulu Dergisi"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"587_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.17826\/cumj.427962","volume":"43","author":"E \u00d6nc\u00fc","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00d6nc\u00fc, E., Selvi, H., Vay\u0131so\u011flu, S. K., & Ceyhan, H. (2018). Development of an attitude scale for brain drain among nursing students. \u00c7ukurova Medical Journal, 43(Suppl 1), 207\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17826\/cumj.427962","journal-title":"\u00c7ukurova Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"key":"587_CR38","unstructured":"Hobbes, T. (1996 [1651]). Leviathan (R. Tuck, Ed.). Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"587_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locke, J. (1988 [1689]). Two Treatises of Government (P. Laslett, Ed.). Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511810268"},{"key":"587_CR40","unstructured":"Rousseau, J. J. (1997 [1762]). The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings\u00a0(V. Gourevitch, Ed.). Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"8","key":"587_CR41","first-page":"616","volume":"82","author":"L Kupfer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kupfer, L., Hofman, K., Jarawan, R., McDermott, J., & Bridbord, K. (2004). Strategies to discourage brain drain. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(8), 616\u2013619.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fds087","volume":"35","author":"M Nair","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nair, M., & Webster, P. (2013). Health professionals\u2019 migration in emerging market economies: Patterns, causes and possible solutions. Journal of Public Health, 35(1), 157\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fds087","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"587_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e376","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404445","volume":"103","author":"AK Lofters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lofters, A. K. (2012). The brain drain of health care workers: Causes, solutions and the example of Jamaica. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 103, e376\u2013e378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03404445","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Public Health"}],"container-title":["Health Care Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10728-026-00587-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10728-026-00587-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10728-026-00587-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:26:56Z","timestamp":1784266016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10728-026-00587-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10728-026-00587-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-3058","1573-3394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-3058","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3394","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was granted by the At\u0131l\u0131m University Humanitarian Research Ethics Committee on 16 December 2022.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}