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These agreements stipulate that within the state, the settlement funds must be directly allocated to local government (e.g., counties) and used for abatement activities to remediate the harm of the opioid epidemic in communities. This naturally leads to an important question of how the funds should be distributed to meet the diverse needs of the counties consistently across all counties to be deemed fair. Although there exist various definitions of fairness in the literature, it remains unclear how to empirically quantify the fairness of settlement allocation based on data, which is crucial for developing evidence-based allocation policies. To fill this gap, we define two allocation fairness measures, deviation and maximum regret, and formulate the fair settlement allocation as convex optimization problems. To further enhance the interpretability of the allocation policies, we restrict the allocation to a weighted sum of the given empirical metrics. We apply our analytical framework in a case study of the settlement allocation in Pennsylvania using real-world empirical metrics. We identify the frontiers of the non-dominated allocation policies between min-deviation and minimax-regret allocations, which dominate all alpha fairness-based and formula-based allocation policies. All allocation policies show lower fairness (with higher deviation or maximum regret) in counties that are rural, low-income, and with lower-ranking health factors. The price of interpretability is more significant in terms of maximum regret compared with deviation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-025-09716-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T02:59:58Z","timestamp":1754535598000},"page":"335-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fair allocation strategies for opioid settlements"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4031-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiushi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"9716_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) Drug Overdose Deaths in the U.S. Top 100,000 Annually. 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