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Unlike other nations that coordinated their responses at a national level, this study uses U.S. states and counties as individual units of analysis. This approach allows for an assessment of which policies and population attributes were most impactful in driving vaccination and ensuring efficient and equitable distribution among citizens. By focusing on the diverse strategies employed by different states in terms of (1) defining the entity responsible for distribution policy, (2) determining the groups eligible for vaccination, and (3) the timing for communication of distribution plans for vaccination, this descriptive investigation sheds light on the effectiveness of state-level interventions and contributes to a deeper understanding of how to manage large-scale public health initiatives. By identifying successful strategies and potential pitfalls, the study provides a roadmap for responding to future pandemics, ensuring that vaccination efforts can be swiftly and fairly implemented to protect public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-025-09727-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T10:11:41Z","timestamp":1759572701000},"page":"608-621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A descriptive investigation of the impact of statewide distribution policies and consumer vulnerabilities on COVID-19 vaccination in the united States"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8275-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen","family":"Iacocca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7878-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Vallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1235-4685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Strandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1349-7429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Meinzen-Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"9727_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.02054","volume":"40","author":"AD Paltiel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paltiel AD, Schwartz JL, Zheng A, Walensky RP (2021) Clinical outcomes of a COVID-19 vaccine: implementation over efficacy. 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