{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T10:02:29Z","timestamp":1770285749428,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015968","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Bergamo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Care Manag Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Community Health Houses (CHHs) are new entities in the Italian National Health Service that have been envisaged to provide proximity care to an increasingly aging population, and bear some similarities to other facilities in countries that have historically focused on public healthcare. This work proposes an integrated decision support system (DSS) for their planning, envisioned during the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the frailty of the existing system. The DSS is based on an integer linear programming (ILP) model that simultaneously makes location, districting and dimensioning decisions for CHH, and accounts for accessibility and equity requirements. Based on Italian law yet designed in a parametrized way that makes it adaptable to several contexts, the DSS is able to design a hub and spoke network, which considers the provision of both mandatory and additional services. The sizes of the former are determined by directly taking into account the population served, while those of the latter are determined according to the specific demand for these services, accounting for diverse needs arising from different territories. The DSS also uses territorial units that refer to recognizable administrative areas. This ensures that the districting is easily recognized and accepted by the population. In addition to the ILP formulation, three decomposition-based matheuristics are proposed, which allow suitable solutions to be found within a reasonable time also for large and heterogeneous instances, while maintaining the flexibility of the ILP formulation. Computational results on synthetic realistic instances validated the DSS, while its application to a real-life case in a Northern Italian province demonstrated the effectiveness of the heuristic approaches and provided a proof of concept for its practical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-025-09729-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T07:48:33Z","timestamp":1762760913000},"page":"866-889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A decision support tool for the location, districting and dimensioning of Community Health Houses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1660-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Doneda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8816-9086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettore","family":"Lanzarone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6802-8710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Mandelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7142-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Barbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7813-0572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Nobili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5163-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Carello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"9729_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.09.007","volume":"130","author":"M Acar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Acar M, Kaya O (2019) A healthcare network design model with mobile hospitals for disaster preparedness: a case study for Istanbul earthquake. Transp Res E Logist Transp Rev 130:273\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tre.2019.09.007","journal-title":"Transp Res E Logist Transp Rev"},{"key":"9729_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2016.05.018","volume":"79","author":"A Ahmadi-Javid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmadi-Javid A, Seyedi P, Syam SS (2017) A survey of healthcare facility location. Comput Oper Res 79:223\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cor.2016.05.018","journal-title":"Comput Oper Res"},{"key":"9729_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-59702011000400010","volume":"18","author":"G Arantes Mello","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arantes Mello G, d\u2019\u00c1vila Viana AL (2011) Centros de Sa\u00fade: ci\u00eancia e ideologia na reordena\u00e7\u00e3o da sa\u00fade p\u00fablica no s\u00e9culo XX. Hist\u00f3ria Ci\u00eancias Sa\u00fade-Manguinhos 18:1131\u20131149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0104-59702011000400010","journal-title":"Hist\u00f3ria Ci\u00eancias Sa\u00fade-Manguinhos"},{"issue":"5","key":"9729_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e253","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30074-8","volume":"5","author":"B Armocida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armocida B, Formenti B, Ussai S et al (2020) The Italian health system and the COVID-19 challenge. Lancet Public Health 5(5):e253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30074-8","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"9729_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2014.08.003","volume":"66","author":"A Barr","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barr A, Dekker M, Fafchamps M (2015) The formation of community-based organizations: an analysis of a quasi-experiment in Zimbabwe. World Dev 66:131\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2014.08.003","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"key":"9729_CR6","unstructured":"de Belvis AG, Meregaglia M, Morsella A et al (2022) Italy: health system review. Publications, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies"},{"key":"9729_CR7","unstructured":"Bennett J (2010) OpenStreetMap. Packt Publishing"},{"key":"9729_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla A, Brusamolin E, Arruzzoli S et\u00a0al (2022) A new generation of territorial healthcare infrastructures after COVID-19. The transition to community homes and community hospitals into the framework of the Italian recovery plan. In: International conference on technological imagination in the green and digital transition. Springer, pp 991\u20131002","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-29515-7_88"},{"key":"9729_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dajour.2023.100215","volume":"7","author":"S Chabouh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chabouh S, El-Amraoui A, Hammami S et al (2023) A systematic review of the home health care planning literature: emerging trends and future research directions. Decis Anal J 7:100215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dajour.2023.100215","journal-title":"Decis Anal J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9729_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18049-0","volume":"24","author":"M Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi M, Sempungu JK, Lee EH et al (2024) Living longer but in poor health: healthcare system responses to ageing populations in industrialised countries based on the findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMC Public Health 24(1):576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18049-0","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"9729_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Clemente C, Servetti D, Genova A et\u00a0al (2021) Le cure primarie prima e dopo l\u2019emergenza COVID-19: dalle \u201cCase della Salute\u201d alle \u201cCase della Comunit\u00e0\u201d: Una riforma possibile? Salute e Societ\u00e0 pp 152\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3280\/SES2021-002-S1010","DOI":"10.3280\/SES2021-002-S1010"},{"key":"9729_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conforti M, Zambelli G, Cornu\u00e9jols GP (2014) Integer Programming, 1st edn. Graduate texts in mathematics. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11008-0_1"},{"key":"9729_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7al\u0131k H, Wauters T, Vanden Berghe G (2024) The exam location problem: mathematical formulations and variants. Comput Oper Res 161:10643. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0305054823003027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2023.106438"},{"key":"9729_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drezner Z, Hamancher HW (2002) Facility location: applications and theory. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56082-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"9729_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2341-x","volume":"17","author":"JK Elrod","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elrod JK, Fortenberry JL (2017) The hub-and-spoke organization design: an avenue for serving patients well. BMC Health Serv Res 17(1):25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-017-2341-x","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"9729_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.12.002","volume":"219","author":"I Espejo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Espejo I, Mar\u00edn A, Rodr\u00edguez-Ch\u00eda AM (2012) Closest assignment constraints in discrete location problems. Eur J Oper Res 219(1):49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2011.12.002","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"9729_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1080\/01605682.2019.1621217","volume":"71","author":"H Farughi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farughi H, Tavana M, Mostafayi S et al (2020) A novel optimization model for designing compact, balanced, and contiguous healthcare districts. J Oper Res Soc 71(11):1740\u20131759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01605682.2019.1621217","journal-title":"J Oper Res Soc"},{"issue":"S1","key":"9729_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1035","volume":"14","author":"G France","year":"2005","unstructured":"France G, Taroni F, Donatini A (2005) The Italian health-care system. Health Econ 14(S1):S187\u2013S202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.1035","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"9729_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00172-2","volume":"138","author":"RD Galv\u00e3o","year":"2002","unstructured":"Galv\u00e3o RD, Acosta Espejo LG, Boffey B (2002) A hierarchical model for the location of perinatal facilities in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Eur J Oper Res 138(3):495\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0377-2217(01)00172-2","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"9729_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerrard RA, Church RL (1996) Closest assignment constraints and location models: Properties and structure. Locat Sci 4(4):251\u2013270. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0966834997000016","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-8349(97)00001-6"},{"issue":"9","key":"9729_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2014.119","volume":"66","author":"A Graber-Naidich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Graber-Naidich A, Carter MW, Verter V (2015) Primary care network development: the regulator\u2019s perspective. J Oper Res Soc 66(9):1519\u20131532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/jors.2014.119","journal-title":"J Oper Res Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"9729_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1080\/07408170802165864","volume":"40","author":"PM Griffin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Griffin PM, Scherrer CR, Swann JL (2008) Optimization of community health center locations and service offerings with statistical need estimation. IIE Trans 40(9):880\u2013892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07408170802165864","journal-title":"IIE Trans"},{"key":"9729_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-9-17","volume":"9","author":"W Gu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gu W, Wang X, McGregor SE (2010) Optimization of preventive health care facility locations. Int J Health Geogr 9:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-072X-9-17","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"9729_CR24","unstructured":"Gurobi Optimization, LLC (2023) gurobipy. https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/gurobipy\/. Accessed 18th Mar 2024"},{"key":"9729_CR25","unstructured":"ISTAT (2023) Codici statistici delle unit\u00e0 amministrative territoriali: Comuni, citt\u00e0 metropolitane, province e regioni. https:\/\/www.istat.it\/it\/archivio\/6789. Accessed 18th Mar 2024"},{"issue":"5","key":"9729_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.239616","volume":"98","author":"AS Johansen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johansen AS, Vracko P, West R (2020) The evolution of community-based primary health care, Slovenia. Bull World Health Organ 98(5):353\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/BLT.19.239616","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"11","key":"9729_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S1553-7250(13)39064-3","volume":"39","author":"MH Kanter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kanter MH, Lindsay G, Bellows J et al (2013) Complete care at Kaiser Permanente: transforming chronic and preventive care. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 39(11):484\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1553-7250(13)39064-3","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"key":"9729_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-016-9366-2","volume":"20","author":"S Khodaparasti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khodaparasti S, Maleki HR, Jahedi S et al (2017) Enhancing community based health programs in Iran: a multi-objective location-allocation model. Health Care Manag Sci 20:485\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10729-016-9366-2","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Sci"},{"key":"9729_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko YD, Song BD, Hwang H (2016) Location, capacity and capability design of emergency medical centers with multiple emergency diseases. Comput Ind Eng 101:10\u201320. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:27554785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2016.08.011"},{"issue":"2","key":"9729_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489","volume":"28","author":"S Lloyd","year":"1982","unstructured":"Lloyd S (1982) Least squares quantization in PCM. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 28(2):129\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIT.1982.1056489","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Theory"},{"issue":"9","key":"9729_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0310137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310137","volume":"19","author":"DR Luisi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luisi DR, H\u00e4mel K (2024) Understandings of community participation and empowerment in primary health care in Emilia-Romagna, Italy: a qualitative interview study with practitioners and stakeholders. PLoS ONE 19(9):e0310137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0310137","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9729_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ed R, Pardalos PM, Resende MG (eds) (2018) Handbook of heuristics, 1st edn. Springer","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07124-4"},{"key":"9729_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2023.104862","volume":"135","author":"M Mauro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mauro M, Giancotti M (2023) The 2022 primary care reform in Italy: improving continuity and reducing regional disparities? Health Policy 135:104862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthpol.2023.104862","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"9729_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.07.024","volume":"240","author":"AM Mestre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mestre AM, Duarte Oliveira M, Barbosa-P\u00f3voa AP (2015) Location-allocation approaches for hospital network planning under uncertainty. Eur J Oper Res 240(3):791\u2013806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2014.07.024","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"9729_CR35","unstructured":"Ministero della Salute (2022) Decreto 23 Maggio 2022, n. 77: Regolamento recante la definizione di modelli e standard per lo sviluppo dell\u2019assistenza territoriale nel Servizio Sanitario Nazionale. (GU Serie Generale n.144, 22-06-2022)"},{"key":"9729_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-006-7664-9","volume":"9","author":"P Mitropoulos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mitropoulos P, Mitropoulos I, Giannikos I et al (2006) A biobjective model for the locational planning of hospitals and health centers. Health Care Manag Sci 9:171\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10729-006-7664-9","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Sci"},{"key":"9729_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06678-9","volume":"21","author":"T Myloneros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Myloneros T, Sakellariou D (2021) The effectiveness of primary health care reforms in Greece towards achieving universal health coverage: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res 21:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-06678-9","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"9729_CR38","unstructured":"Odone A, Saccani E, Chiesa V et\u00a0al (2016) The implementation of a community health centre-based primary care model in Italy. the experience of the Case della Salute in the Emilia-Romagna Region. Tech. Rep.\u00a01, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0"},{"key":"9729_CR39","unstructured":"Paganini JM, Chorny AH (1990) Los Sistemas Locales de Salud: Desaf\u00edos para la d\u00e9cada de los Noventa. Bolet\u00edn de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (OSP); 109 (5-6), nov-dic 1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"9729_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5114\/fmpcr\/58995","volume":"18","author":"F Petrazzuoli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petrazzuoli F (2016) Italian primary care system: an overview. Fam Med Prim Care Rev 18(2):163\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/fmpcr\/58995","journal-title":"Fam Med Prim Care Rev"},{"key":"9729_CR41","unstructured":"Ralphs T, Guzelsoy M, Mahajan A et\u00a0al (2007) Warm starting for mixed integer linear programs. In: INFORMS Annual meeting, Seattle"},{"key":"9729_CR42","volume-title":"Modern heuristic techniques for combinatorial problems","author":"CR Reeves","year":"1993","unstructured":"Reeves CR (1993) Modern heuristic techniques for combinatorial problems. Wiley"},{"issue":"10231","key":"9729_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30627-9","volume":"395","author":"A Remuzzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Remuzzi A, Remuzzi G (2020) COVID-19 and Italy: what next? Lancet 395(10231):1225\u20131228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30627-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10317","key":"9729_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01733-5","volume":"398","author":"W Ricciardi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ricciardi W, Tarricone R (2021) The evolution of the Italian National Health Service. Lancet 398(10317):2193\u20132206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01733-5","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"9729_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1071\/AH09741","volume":"34","author":"A Rosen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rosen A, Gurr R, Fanning P (2010) The future of community-centred health services in Australia: lessons from the mental health sector. Aust Health Rev 34(1):106\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AH09741","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"9729_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2007.07.031","volume":"193","author":"HK Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith HK, Harper PR, Potts CN et al (2009) Planning sustainable community health schemes in rural areas of developing countries. Eur J Oper Res 193(3):768\u2013777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejor.2007.07.031","journal-title":"Eur J Oper Res"},{"key":"9729_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Teixeira J, Antunes A, Peeters D (2007) An optimization-based study on the redeployment of a secondary school network. Environ Plann B Plann Des 34(2):296\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/b31173. https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34247524602%20%26;doi=10.1068%2fb31173%20%26;partnerID=40%20%26;md5=b9d5fa1d50c31085a7b4aa40750bdacb, cited by: 24","DOI":"10.1068\/b31173"},{"key":"9729_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wagner J, Falkson L (1975) The optimal nodal location of public facilities with price-sensitive demand. Geogr Anal 7(1):69\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1975.tb01024.x. https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0002927355%20%26;doi=10.1111%2fj.1538-4632.1975.tb01024.x%20%26;partnerID=40%20%26;md5=512fd24149ee7074d0aaa69c0a1e8153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1975.tb01024.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"9729_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1059-1","volume":"26","author":"DJ Weiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiss DJ, Nelson A, Vargas-Ruiz CA et al (2020) Global maps of travel time to healthcare facilities. Nat Med 26(12):1835\u20131838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-1059-1","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Health Care Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09729-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09729-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09729-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T09:27:20Z","timestamp":1766827640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09729-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09729-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-9620","1572-9389"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-9620","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9389","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no significant competing financial, professional, or personal interests that might have influenced the performance or presentation of the work described in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}}]}}