{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:53:01Z","timestamp":1793206381777,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Care Manag Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-025-09745-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:10:26Z","timestamp":1770023426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Did COVID-19 worsen the disparities among mental health patients at risk of exhibiting aggression in Ontario, Canada?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Ghazalbash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4628-9618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedat","family":"Verter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9745_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00091-2","volume":"8","author":"J Pirkis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pirkis J, John A, Shin S, DelPozo-Banos M, Arya V, Analuisa-Aguilar P et al (2021) Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time-series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries. Lancet Psychiatry 8:579\u2013588","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"9745_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-2223","volume":"173","author":"L Krishnan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krishnan L, Ogunwole SM, Cooper LA (2020) Historical insights on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the 1918 influenza pandemic, and racial disparities: illuminating a path forward. Ann Intern Med 173:474\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M20-2223","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"9745_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437231167386","volume":"68","author":"B Tanner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanner B, Kurdyak P, De Oliveira C (2023) Adult psychiatric hospitalizations in Ontario, Canada before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Psychiatry 68:925\u2013932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07067437231167386","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"9745_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579422000499","author":"AM Parenteau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parenteau AM, Boyer CJ, Campos LJ, Carranza AF, Deer LK, Hartman DT et al (2022) A review of mental health disparities during COVID-19: evidence, mechanisms, and policy recommendations for promoting societal resilience. Dev Psychopathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579422000499","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"9745_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205546","volume":"70","author":"M Varshney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Varshney M, Mahapatra A, Krishnan V, Gupta R, Deb KS (2016) Violence and mental illness: what is the true story? J Epidemiol Community Health 70:223\u2013225","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"9745_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0356-x","volume":"47","author":"R Van Dorn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Van Dorn R, Volavka J, Johnson N (2012) Mental disorder and violence: is there a relationship beyond substance use? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47:487\u2013503","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"9745_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30262-5","volume":"8","author":"D Whiting","year":"2021","unstructured":"Whiting D, Lichtenstein P, Fazel S (2021) Violence and mental disorders: a structured review of associations by individual diagnoses, risk factors, and risk assessment. Lancet Psychiatry 8:150\u2013161","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"9745_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15525-x","volume":"23","author":"S Ziaei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ziaei S, Hammarstr\u00f6m A (2023) The relationship between interpersonal violence in adulthood and mental health: a longitudinal study based on the northern Swedish cohort. BMC Public Health 23:637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-15525-x","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"9745_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-023-02431-1","volume":"58","author":"LM Howard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Howard LM (2023) Interpersonal violence and mental health: new findings and paradigms for enduring problems. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 58:1731\u20131734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-023-02431-1","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"9745_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33188-7_10","volume-title":"Violence and mental disorders","author":"E di Giacomo","year":"2020","unstructured":"di Giacomo E, Iozzino L, Ferrari C, Strozza C, Large M, Nielssen O et al (2020) Prevalence and risk factors of violence by psychiatric acute inpatients: systematic review and Meta-analysis\u2014a 2019 update. In: Carpiniello B, Vita A, Mencacci C (eds) Violence and mental disorders. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 181\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-33188-7_10"},{"key":"9745_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.10.007","volume":"50","author":"CR Mikton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mikton CR, Butchart A, Dahlberg LL, Krug EG (2016) Global status report on violence prevention 2014. Am J Prev Med 50:652\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.10.007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"9745_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103","volume":"27","author":"P Braveman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braveman P (2006) HEALTH DISPARITIES AND HEALTH EQUITY: concepts and measurement. Annu Rev Public Health 27:167\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"9745_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113876","volume":"277","author":"L Harari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harari L, Lee C (2021) Intersectionality in quantitative health disparities research: a systematic review of challenges and limitations in empirical studies. Soc Sci Med 277:113876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113876","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"9745_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01397-3","volume":"20","author":"S Albert-Ballestar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Albert-Ballestar S, Garc\u00eda-Alt\u00e9s A (2021) Measuring health inequalities: a systematic review of widely used indicators and topics. Int J Equity Health 20:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12939-021-01397-3","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"9745_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01297-4","volume":"10","author":"C Galli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Galli C, Li T (2023) Racial differences in diagnosis of overweight and obesity: results from the National Health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2009\u20132016. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 10:1096\u20131107","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"9745_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-018-0301-3","volume":"7","author":"AS Byrd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Byrd AS, Toth AT, Stanford FC (2018) Racial disparities in obesity treatment. Curr Obes Rep 7:130\u2013138","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"9745_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17570","volume":"78","author":"R Aggarwal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aggarwal R, Chiu N, Wadhera RK, Moran AE, Raber I, Shen C et al (2021) Racial\/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in the United States, 2013 to 2018. Hypertension 78:1719\u20131726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17570","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"9745_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053","volume":"44","author":"F Hill-Briggs","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hill-Briggs F, Adler NE, Berkowitz SA, Chin MH, Gary-Webb TL, Navas-Acien A et al (2020) Social determinants of health and diabetes: a scientific review. Diabetes Care 44:258\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci20-0053","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"9745_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2013.09.003","volume":"7","author":"M Rowland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rowland M, Peterson-Besse J, Dobbertin K, Walsh ES, Horner-Johnson W, Andresen E et al (2014) Health outcome disparities among subgroups of people with disabilities: a scoping review. Disabil Health J 7:136\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dhjo.2013.09.003","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"9745_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-022-01397-1","volume":"10","author":"LR Snowden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Snowden LR, Cordell K, Bui J (2023) Racial and ethnic disparities in health status and community functioning among persons with untreated mental illness. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 10:2175\u20132184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-022-01397-1","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"9745_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-020-00133-2","volume":"5","author":"T Fante-Coleman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fante-Coleman T, Jackson-Best F (2020) Barriers and facilitators to accessing mental healthcare in Canada for black youth: a scoping review. Adolesc Res Rev 5:115\u2013136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40894-020-00133-2","journal-title":"Adolesc Res Rev"},{"key":"9745_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-017-9510-2","volume":"24","author":"J Maura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maura J, Weisman de Mamani A (2017) Mental health disparities, treatment engagement, and attrition among racial\/ethnic minorities with severe mental illness: a review. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 24:187\u2013210","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol Med Settings"},{"key":"9745_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558718780592","volume":"76","author":"BL Cook","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cook BL, Hou SS-Y, Lee-Tauler SY, Progovac AM, Samson F, Sanchez MJ (2019) A review of mental health and mental health care disparities research: 2011-2014. Med Care Res Rev 76:683\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077558718780592","journal-title":"Med Care Res Rev"},{"key":"9745_CR24","first-page":"463","volume":"4","author":"DA Morales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morales DA, Barksdale CL, Beckel-Mitchener AC (2020) A call to action to address rural mental health disparities. J Clin Transl Res 4:463\u2013467","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Res"},{"key":"9745_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686","volume":"3","author":"CK Ettman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S (2020) Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open 3:e2019686\u2013e2019686","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"9745_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.12.004","volume":"60","author":"JM Nagata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagata JM, Ganson KT, Whittle HJ, Chu J, Harris OO, Tsai AC et al (2021) Food insufficiency and mental health in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Prev Med 60:453\u2013461","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"9745_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0490","volume":"4","author":"JD Fuchs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fuchs JD, Carter HC, Evans J, Graham-Squire D, Imbert E, Bloome J et al (2021) Assessment of a hotel-based COVID-19 isolation and quarantine strategy for persons experiencing homelessness. JAMA Netw Open 4:e210490\u2013e210490","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"9745_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.07.013","volume":"67","author":"JS Tucker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tucker JS, D\u2019Amico EJ, Pedersen ER, Garvey R, Rodriguez A, Klein DJ (2020) Behavioral health and service usage during the COVID-19 pandemic among emerging adults currently or recently experiencing homelessness. J Adolesc Health 67:603\u2013605","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"9745_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19567","volume":"324","author":"LA Cooper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cooper LA, Williams DR (2020) Excess deaths from COVID-19, community bereavement, and restorative justice for communities of color. Jama 324:1491\u20131492","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"9745_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7005a3","author":"LR McKnight-Eily","year":"2021","unstructured":"McKnight-Eily LR (2021) Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of stress and worry, mental health conditions, and increased substance use among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014United States, April and may 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7005a3","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"9745_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01896-8","volume":"55","author":"J Purtle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Purtle J (2020) COVID-19 and mental health equity in the United States. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 55:969\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-020-01896-8","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"9745_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932a1","volume":"69","author":"M\u00c9 Czeisler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Czeisler M\u00c9 (2020) Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014United States, June 24\u201330, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:1049\u20131057","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"9745_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.08.006","volume":"67","author":"G Gonzales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gonzales G, de Mola EL, Gavulic KA, McKay T, Purcell C (2020) Mental health needs among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health 67:645\u2013648","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"9745_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2020.1868186","volume":"68","author":"J Gato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gato J, Barrientos J, Tasker F, Miscioscia M, Cerqueira-Santos E, Malmquist A et al (2021) Psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health among LGBTQ+ young adults: a cross-cultural comparison across six nations. J Homosex 68:612\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2020.1868186","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"9745_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108594","volume":"221","author":"JP Salerno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salerno JP, Shrader C-H, Algarin AB, Lee J-Y, Fish JN (2021) Changes in alcohol use since the onset of COVID-19 are associated with psychological distress among sexual and gender minority university students in the US. Drug Alcohol Depend 221:108594","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"9745_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113595","volume":"295","author":"RA Serafini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Serafini RA, Powell SK, Frere JJ, Saali A, Krystal HL, Kumar V et al (2021) Psychological distress in the face of a pandemic: an observational study characterizing the impact of COVID-19 on immigrant outpatient mental health. Psychiatry Res 295:113595","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"9745_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2021.100062","volume":"4","author":"YE Saw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saw YE, Tan EY, Buvanaswari P, Doshi K, Liu JC (2021) Mental health of international migrant workers amidst large-scale dormitory outbreaks of COVID-19: a population survey in Singapore. J Migr Health 4:100062","journal-title":"J Migr Health"},{"key":"9745_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page KR, Venkataramani M, Beyrer C, Polk S (2020) Undocumented U.S. Immigrants and Covid-19. N Engl J Med:382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2005953","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005953"},{"key":"9745_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000690","volume":"75","author":"M Luchetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luchetti M, Lee JH, Aschwanden D, Sesker A, Strickhouser JE, Terracciano A et al (2020) The trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. Am Psychol 75:897","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"9745_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.06.036","volume":"186","author":"F Bu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bu F, Steptoe A, Fancourt D (2020) Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health 186:31\u201334","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"9745_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113552","volume":"295","author":"CH Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu CH, Erdei C, Mittal L (2021) Risk factors for depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in perinatal women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 295:113552","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"9745_CR42","volume-title":"Ontario mental health reporting system resource manual, 2023\u20132024","author":"Canadian Institute for Health Information","year":"2023","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information (2023) Ontario mental health reporting system resource manual, 2023\u20132024. CIHI, Ottawa, ON"},{"key":"9745_CR43","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Ontario Mental Health Reporting System Metadata n.d. https:\/\/www.cihi.ca\/en\/ontario-mental-health-reporting-system-metadata (accessed February 16, 2024)"},{"key":"9745_CR44","volume-title":"Using Long term risk factors from the Ontario mental health reporting system (OMHRS) dataset to predict suicide admission and suicide severity among acute psychiatric inpatients in Ontario, Canada. Master\u2019s Thesis.","author":"A Garner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garner A (2021) Using Long term risk factors from the Ontario mental health reporting system (OMHRS) dataset to predict suicide admission and suicide severity among acute psychiatric inpatients in Ontario, Canada. Master\u2019s Thesis. University of Waterloo"},{"key":"9745_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-011-9271-x","volume":"39","author":"E Neufeld","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neufeld E, Perlman CM, Hirdes JP (2012) Predicting inpatient aggression using the InterRAI risk of harm to others clinical assessment protocol: a tool for risk assessment and care planning. J Behav Health Serv Res 39:472\u2013480","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res"},{"key":"9745_CR46","volume-title":"SCIPP Grouping and Weighting Methodology","author":"Canadian Institute for Health Information","year":"2011","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. SCIPP Grouping and Weighting Methodology. 2011"},{"key":"9745_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.3773","volume":"4","author":"D Clark","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clark D, Colantonio LD, Min Y-I, Hall ME, Zhao H, Mentz RJ et al (2019) Population-attributable risk for cardiovascular disease associated with hypertension in black adults. JAMA Cardiol 4:1194\u20131202","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"key":"9745_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-021-09570-4","volume":"24","author":"SH Jacobson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jacobson SH, Jokela JA (2021) Beyond COVID-19 deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Health Care Manag Sci 24:661\u2013665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10729-021-09570-4","journal-title":"Health Care Manag Sci"},{"key":"9745_CR49","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"S H\u00f8jsgaard","year":"2006","unstructured":"H\u00f8jsgaard S, Halekoh U, Yan J (2006) The R package geepack for generalized estimating equations. J Stat Softw 15:1\u201311","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"9745_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-52452-8_3","volume-title":"ARIMA models. Time series analysis and its applications","author":"RH Shumway","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shumway RH, Stoffer DS (2017) ARIMA models. Time series analysis and its applications. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 75\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-52452-8_3"},{"key":"9745_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i03","volume":"27","author":"RJ Hyndman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hyndman RJ, Khandakar Y (2008) Automatic time series forecasting: the forecast package for R. J Stat Softw 27:1\u201322","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"9745_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/144855","author":"AS Blinder","year":"1973","unstructured":"Blinder AS (1973) Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. J Hum Resour. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/144855","journal-title":"J Hum Resour"},{"key":"9745_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2525981","author":"R Oaxaca","year":"1973","unstructured":"Oaxaca R (1973) Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. Int Econ Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2525981","journal-title":"Int Econ Rev"},{"key":"9745_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-021-00100-9","volume":"18","author":"E Rahimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahimi E, Hashemi Nazari SS (2021) A detailed explanation and graphical representation of the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method with its application in health inequalities. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 18:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12982-021-00100-9","journal-title":"Emerg Themes Epidemiol"},{"key":"9745_CR55","unstructured":"Hlavac M. oaxaca: Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition in R. R package version 0.1.5. Available at SSRN 2528391 2022"},{"key":"9745_CR56","volume-title":"Package \u2018plotly\u2019","author":"C Sievert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sievert C, Parmer C, Hocking T, Chamberlain S, Ram K, Corvellec M et al (2021) Package \u2018plotly\u2019. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. Available in: https:\/\/cranr-projectorg\/package=plotly. Accessed 10 Aug 2023"},{"key":"9745_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/39662","volume":"24","author":"E Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu E, Xu B, Sequeira L (2022) Determinants of e-mental health use during COVID-19: cross-sectional Canadian study. J Med Internet Res 24:e39662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/39662","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"9745_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baidoobonso S, Etowa E, Nnadi J, Mba S, Tharao W, Dabon\u00e9 C et al (2024) The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of African, Caribbean, and black (ACB) people in Canada. J Immigr Minor Health:1\u201311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-024-01654-x"},{"key":"9745_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-023-00560-8","volume":"17","author":"SE Stewart","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stewart SE, Best J, Selles R, Naqqash Z, Lin B, Lu C et al (2023) Age-specific determinants of psychiatric outcomes after the first COVID-19 wave: baseline findings from a Canadian online cohort study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 17:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-023-00560-8","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"9745_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604685","volume":"67","author":"EK Jenkins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jenkins EK, Slemon A, Richardson C, Pumarino J, McAuliffe C, Thomson KC et al (2022) Mental health inequities amid the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from three rounds of a cross-sectional monitoring survey of Canadian adults. Int J Public Health 67:1604685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ijph.2022.1604685","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"9745_CR61","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The initial impact of COVID-19 on labor market outcomes across groups and the potential for permanent scarring","author":"B Stevenson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stevenson B (2020) The initial impact of COVID-19 on labor market outcomes across groups and the potential for permanent scarring, vol 16. The Hamilton Project, pp 1\u201311"},{"key":"9745_CR62","first-page":"1","volume-title":"How much has food insecurity risen? Evidence from the census household pulse survey","author":"D Schanzenbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schanzenbach D, Pitts A (2020) How much has food insecurity risen? Evidence from the census household pulse survey. Institute for Policy Research Rapid Research Report, pp 1\u201310"},{"key":"9745_CR63","volume-title":"New census household pulse survey shows more households with children lost income, experienced food shortages during pandemic","author":"LM Monte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monte LM (2020) New census household pulse survey shows more households with children lost income, experienced food shortages during pandemic. US Census Bureau, Washington, DC"},{"key":"9745_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kaaa126","volume":"55","author":"KE Riehm","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riehm KE, Holingue C, Smail EJ, Kapteyn A, Bennett D, Thrul J et al (2021) Trajectories of mental distress among US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Behav Med 55:93\u2013102","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"9745_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293195","volume":"18","author":"C Benny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benny C, Senthilselvan A, Patte KA, Smith BT, Veugelers PJ, Leatherdale ST et al (2023) Income inequality and mental health in adolescents during COVID-19, results from COMPASS 2018-2021. PLoS One 18:e0293195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0293195","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9745_CR66","volume-title":"COVID-19 impact on mental health and substance use in rural and remote areas","author":"W Wahl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wahl W (2021) COVID-19 impact on mental health and substance use in rural and remote areas. Mental Health Commission of Canada, Canada"},{"key":"9745_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115031","volume":"305","author":"L Na","year":"2022","unstructured":"Na L, Yang L, Mezo PG, Liu R (2022) Age disparities in mental health during the COVID19 pandemic: the roles of resilience and coping. Soc Sci Med 305:115031","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"9745_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.44.3.05","volume":"44","author":"A Olanlesi-Aliu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Olanlesi-Aliu A, Kemei J, Alaazi D, Tunde-Byass M, Renzaho A, Sekyi-Out A et al (2024) COVID-19 among black people in Canada: a scoping review. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 44:112\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24095\/hpcdp.44.3.05","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"9745_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26550","volume":"8","author":"G Strudwick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strudwick G, Sockalingam S, Kassam I, Sequeira L, Bonato S, Youssef A et al (2021) Digital interventions to support population mental health in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: rapid review. JMIR Ment Health 8:e26550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/26550","journal-title":"JMIR Ment Health"},{"key":"9745_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02178-4","volume":"12","author":"L Brandt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brandt L, Liu S, Heim C, Heinz A (2022) The effects of social isolation stress and discrimination on mental health. Transl Psychiatry 12:398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-022-02178-4","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"9745_CR71","volume":"2","author":"AM Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell AM (2020) An increasing risk of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Sci Int 2:100089","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"9745_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson T, Kent-Wilkinson A (2022) Intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: a literature review. Can J Emerg Nurs (CJEN):45","DOI":"10.29173\/cjen148"},{"key":"9745_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","volume":"383","author":"P Betty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Betty P, North CS (2020) Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med 383:510\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2008017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9745_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-090320-094912","volume":"47","author":"SAP Clouston","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clouston SAP, Link BG (2021) A retrospective on fundamental cause theory: state of the literature and goals for the future. Annu Rev Sociol 47:131\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-soc-090320-094912","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"9745_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlz020","volume":"44","author":"CM Rine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rine CM, LaBarre C (2019) Research, practice, and policy strategies to stop family violence. Health Soc Work 44:141\u2013144","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"key":"9745_CR76","volume-title":"Mental health and violent offending in Chicago youth: a multilevel approach","author":"D Paquette Boots","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paquette Boots D, Wareham J. Mental health and violent offending in Chicago youth: a multilevel approach. 2011"},{"key":"9745_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.1467","volume-title":"Mental health service use before first diagnosis of a psychotic disorder","author":"W Tempelaar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tempelaar W, Kozloff N, Mallia E, Voineskos A, Kurdyak P (2024) Mental health service use before first diagnosis of a psychotic disorder. JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"9745_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-021-01447-3","volume":"22","author":"E Szilassy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szilassy E, Barbosa EC, Dixon S, Feder G, Griffiths C, Johnson M et al (2021) PRimary care rEsponse to domestic violence and abuse in the COvid-19 panDEmic (PRECODE): protocol of a rapid mixed-methods study in the UK. BMC Fam Pract 22:91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-021-01447-3","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"9745_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.7870\/cjcmh-2017-016","volume":"36","author":"P Wener","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wener P, Woodgate RL (2017) Looking for help: primary care providers\u2019 need for collaboration to deliver primary mental healthcare services. Can J Commun Ment Health 36:29\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7870\/cjcmh-2017-016","journal-title":"Can J Commun Ment Health"},{"key":"9745_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5902","volume":"4","author":"P Kurdyak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurdyak P, Gandhi S, Holder L, Rashid M, Saunders N, Chiu M et al (2021) Incidence of access to ambulatory mental health care prior to a psychiatric emergency department visit among adults in Ontario, 2010-2018. JAMA Netw Open 4:e215902\u2013e215902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.5902","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"9745_CR81","unstructured":"Mental Health Commission of Canada (n.d.) Advancing the Evolution: Insights into the State of E-Mental Health Services in Canada, Ottawa, ON. Mental Health Commission of Canada"},{"key":"9745_CR82","volume-title":"Broadband Connectivity in Rural Canada","author":"House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology","year":"2018","unstructured":"House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology (2018) Broadband Connectivity in Rural Canada. Overcoming the Digital Divide"},{"key":"9745_CR83","volume-title":"Better now: six big ideas to improve health care for all Canadians","author":"D Martin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin D (2017) Better now: six big ideas to improve health care for all Canadians. Penguin"},{"key":"9745_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640221136795","volume":"69","author":"YT Nigatu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nigatu YT, Elton-Marshall T, Hamilton HA (2023) Changes in household debt due to COVID-19 and mental health concerns among adults in Ontario. Canada. Int J Soc Psychiatry 69:774\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00207640221136795","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"9745_CR85","volume-title":"Women, work, and family during COVID-19: findings from the KFF women\u2019s health survey","author":"U Ranji","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ranji U, Frederiksen B, Salganicoff A, Long M (2021) Women, work, and family during COVID-19: findings from the KFF women\u2019s health survey. Women\u2019s Health Policy"},{"key":"9745_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)00407-2","volume-title":"Handbook of labor economics","author":"N Fortin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fortin N, Lemieux T, Firpo S (2011) Chapter 1 - decomposition methods in economics. In: Ashenfelter O, Card D (eds) Handbook of labor economics, vol 4. Elsevier, pp 1\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0169-7218(11)00407-2"}],"container-title":["Health Care Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09745-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09745-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09745-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T14:04:53Z","timestamp":1777125893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09745-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["9745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10729-025-09745-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-9620","1572-9389"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-9620","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9389","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Data used in this study was derived from the Ontario Health Data Platform (OHDP), which consisted of record-level, coded and linkable health data sets from the population of Ontario, Canada. Since OHDP expired at the time of manuscript revision, we accessed the same data sets from the ICES Data Repository. The dataset from this study is held securely in coded form at ICES. While legal data sharing agreements between ICES and data providers (e.g., healthcare organizations and government) prohibit ICES from making the dataset publicly available, access may be granted to those who meet pre-specified criteria for confidential access, available at\n                      \n                      (email: das@ices.on.ca).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from Queen\u2019s University Health Sciences Research Ethics Board.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"3"}}