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Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising source for chondrogenic regeneration, but their differentiation potential may vary according to tissue of origin. Here, we compared the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of human amniotic fluid\u2013derived MSCs (hAF-MSCs, CD117\u207a selected) and human adipose-derived MSCs (hAD-MSCs) when cultured within porous chitosan\u2013xanthan gum (CX) scaffolds under TGF-\u03b23 stimulation. Both MSC types were expanded, phenotypically characterized, and induced toward chondrogenesis. Robust adhesion and proliferation within CX scaffolds were observed, accompanied by deposition of extracellular matrix enriched in glycosaminoglycans and collagen fibers. Histological staining (hematoxylin\u2013eosin, alcian blue, picrosirius red, and Masson\u2019s trichrome) and immunohistochemistry confirmed the synthesis of cartilage-specific macromolecules, including collagen type II and aggrecan, while immunofluorescence highlighted a strong collagen II signal. Scanning electron microscopy further revealed extensive cell\u2013matrix interactions and abundant fibrillar organization. These findings demonstrate that both hAF-MSCs and hAD-MSCs undergo effective chondrogenic differentiation within CX scaffolds under TGF-\u03b23 stimulation. Notably, hAF-MSCs exhibited a superior integration and an enhanced extracellular matrix assembly compared to hAD-MSCs, providing new biochemical insights into their extracellular matrix assembly and supporting their potential application in cartilage tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-026-10977-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:32:33Z","timestamp":1790825553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extracellular matrix assembly during chondrogenic differentiation of amniotic fluid- and adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells under TGF-\u03b23 induction"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5538-2726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina Coli","family":"Zuliani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6950-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid Iara","family":"Damas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0824-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kleber Cursino","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2645-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Kharmandayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5813-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela Maria","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6261-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mobasheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6429-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibsen Bellini","family":"Coimbra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"10977_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.05.030","volume":"10","author":"HV Almeida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almeida HV, Liu Y, Cunniffe GM, Mulhall KJ, Matsiko A, Buckley CT, O\u2019Brien FJ, Kelly DJ (2014) Controlled release of transforming growth factor-\u03b23 from cartilage-extra-cellular-matrix-derived scaffolds to promote chondrogenesis of human-joint-tissue-derived stem cells. 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