{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T08:40:25Z","timestamp":1792399225953,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Hist Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10739-026-09873-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:43:18Z","timestamp":1787586198000},"page":"313-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When Art Meets Biology: Leonardo da Vinci and the Historiography of Empirical Method"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"R. Craig","family":"Stillwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"9873_CR1","volume-title":"The duke and the stars: Astrology and politics in Renaissance Milan","author":"Monica Azzolini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azzolini, Monica. 2013. The duke and the stars: Astrology and politics in Renaissance Milan. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9873_CR2","volume-title":"Epistemic practices and plant classification in premodern European botanical knowledge: An interdisciplinary treatment","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baldassarri, Fabrizio, ed. 2023. Epistemic practices and plant classification in premodern European botanical knowledge: An interdisciplinary treatment. London and New York: Routledge."},{"key":"9873_CR3","volume-title":"Leonardo da Vinci rediscovered: Volume 1: The making of an artist 1452\u20131500","author":"Carmen C. Bambach","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bambach, Carmen C. 2019. Leonardo da Vinci rediscovered: Volume 1: The making of an artist 1452\u20131500. New Haven: Yale University Press."},{"key":"9873_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226218977.001.0001","volume-title":"Galileo, courtier: The practice of science in the culture of absolutism","author":"Mario Biagioli","year":"1993","unstructured":"Biagioli, Mario. 1993. Galileo, courtier: The practice of science in the culture of absolutism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9873_CR5","volume-title":"The sculptures of Andrea del Verrocchio","author":"Andrew Butterfield","year":"1997","unstructured":"Butterfield, Andrew. 1997. The sculptures of Andrea del Verrocchio. New Haven: Yale University Press."},{"key":"9873_CR6","volume-title":"The science of Leonardo: Inside the mind of the great genius of the Renaissance","author":"Fritjof Capra","year":"2007","unstructured":"Capra, Fritjof. 2007. The science of Leonardo: Inside the mind of the great genius of the Renaissance. New York: Doubleday."},{"key":"9873_CR7","volume-title":"Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist","author":"Martin Clayton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clayton, Martin, and Ronald Philo. 2012. Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist. London: Royal Collection Trust."},{"key":"9873_CR8","volume-title":"The scientific revolution: A historiographical inquiry","author":"H. Floris Cohen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cohen, H. Floris. 1994. The scientific revolution: A historiographical inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9873_CR9","volume-title":"Robert Grosseteste and the origins of experimental science, 1100\u20131700","author":"Alistair Crombie","year":"1953","unstructured":"Crombie, Alistair. 1953. Robert Grosseteste and the origins of experimental science, 1100\u20131700. Oxford: Clarendon Press."},{"key":"9873_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007087400031447","volume":"26","author":"Andrew Cunningham","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cunningham, Andrew, and Perry Williams. 1993. De-centring the \u2018big picture:\u2019 The origins of modern science and the modern origins of science. British Journal for the History of Science 26:407\u2013432.","journal-title":"British Journal for the History of Science"},{"key":"9873_CR11","volume-title":"Objectivity","author":"Lorraine Daston","year":"2007","unstructured":"Daston, Lorraine, and Peter Galison. 2007. Objectivity. New York: Zone Books."},{"key":"9873_CR12","volume-title":"Histories of scientific observation","year":"2011","unstructured":"Daston, Lorraine, and Elizabeth Lunbeck, eds. 2011. Histories of scientific observation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9873_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226139524.001.0001","volume-title":"Discipline and experience: The mathematical way in the scientific revolution","author":"Peter Dear","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dear, Peter. 1995. Discipline and experience: The mathematical way in the scientific revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9873_CR15","unstructured":"Duhem, Pierre. 1906-1913 (3 volumes). \u00c9tudes sur L\u00e9onard de Vinci. Paris : A. Hermann."},{"key":"9873_CR16","unstructured":"Foucault, Michel. 1970. The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. New York: Pantheon Books. (Originally published as Les Mots et les choses. Paris: Gallimard, 1966)."},{"key":"9873_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600520103","volume":"103","author":"Morteza Gharib","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gharib, Morteza, Edmond Rambod, Arash Kheradvar, David J.. Sahn, and John O.. Dabiri. 2006. Optimal vortex formation as an index of cardiac health. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:6305\u20136308.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"9873_CR19","volume-title":"Leon Battista Alberti: Master builder of the Italian renaissance","author":"Anthony Grafton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Grafton, Anthony. 2000. Leon Battista Alberti: Master builder of the Italian renaissance. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"9873_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/007327530304100201","volume":"41","author":"Nicholas Jardine","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jardine, Nicholas. 2003. Whigs and stories: Herbert Butterfield and the historiography of science. History of Science 41:125\u2013140.","journal-title":"History of Science"},{"key":"9873_CR21","volume-title":"Leonardo da Vinci\u2019s elements of the science of man","author":"Kenneth D. Keele","year":"1983","unstructured":"Keele, Kenneth D. 1983. Leonardo da Vinci\u2019s elements of the science of man. New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"9873_CR22","volume-title":"Leonardo da Vinci: The marvellous works of nature and man","author":"Martin Kemp","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kemp, Martin. 2006. Leonardo da Vinci: The marvellous works of nature and man. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9873_CR23","volume-title":"Leonardo on painting: An anthology of writings by Leonardo da Vinci","author":"Martin Kemp","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kemp, Martin, and Margaret Walker. 1989. Leonardo on painting: An anthology of writings by Leonardo da Vinci. New Haven: Yale University Press."},{"key":"9873_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/35008075","volume":"404","author":"Philip J. Kilner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kilner, Philip J.., Guang-Zhong. Yang, Angela J.. Wilkes, Raad H.. Mohiaddin, David N.. Firmin, and Magdi H.. Yacoub. 2000. Asymmetric redirection of flow through the heart. Nature 404:759\u2013761.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9873_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226465289.001.0001","volume-title":"Picturing the book of nature: Image, text, and argument in sixteenth-century human anatomy and medical botany","author":"Sachiko Kusukawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kusukawa, Sachiko. 2012. Picturing the book of nature: Image, text, and argument in sixteenth-century human anatomy and medical botany. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9873_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/book11174","volume-title":"Artisan\/practitioners and the rise of the new sciences, 1400\u20131600","author":"Pamela O Long","year":"2011","unstructured":"Long, Pamela O. 2011. Artisan\/practitioners and the rise of the new sciences, 1400\u20131600. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press."},{"key":"9873_CR28","volume-title":"Imagining the Americas in Medici Florence","author":"Lia Markey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Markey, Lia. 2021. Imagining the Americas in Medici Florence. University Park: Penn State University Press."},{"key":"9873_CR29","volume-title":"Biology takes form: Animal morphology and the German university, 1800\u20131900","author":"Lynn K. Nyhart","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nyhart, Lynn K. 1995. Biology takes form: Animal morphology and the German university, 1800\u20131900. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9873_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226620862.001.0001","volume-title":"The science of describing: Natural history in Renaissance Europe","author":"Brian W Ogilvie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ogilvie, Brian W. 2006. The science of describing: Natural history in Renaissance Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9873_CR31","volume-title":"Leonardo da Vinci on the human body: The anatomical, physiological, and embryological drawings of Leonardo da Vinci","author":"Charles D. O\u2019Malley","year":"1983","unstructured":"O\u2019Malley, Charles D., and John B. de C. M. Saunders. 1983. Leonardo da Vinci on the human body: The anatomical, physiological, and embryological drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Victoria, BC: Crown Publications."},{"key":"9873_CR32","volume-title":"Rethinking the scientific revolution","year":"2000","unstructured":"Osler, Margaret J., ed. 2000. Rethinking the scientific revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"9873_CR33","unstructured":"Ravaisson-Mollien, Charles, ed. 1881\u20131891. Les Manuscrits de L\u00e9onard de Vinci de la biblioth\u00e8que de l'institut, 6 vols. Paris: Quantin."},{"key":"9873_CR34","volume-title":"Botany in medieval and Renaissance universities","author":"Karen M. Reeds","year":"1991","unstructured":"Reeds, Karen M. 1991. Botany in medieval and Renaissance universities. New York: Garland."},{"key":"9873_CR35","first-page":"1883","volume-title":"The literary works of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols","author":"Jean Paul Richter","year":"1883","unstructured":"Richter, Jean Paul. 1883. The literary works of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, 1883. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington."},{"key":"9873_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226148847.001.0001","volume-title":"A social history of truth: Civility and science in seventeenth-century England","author":"Steven Shapin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shapin, Steven. 1994. A social history of truth: Civility and science in seventeenth-century England. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9873_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226750224.001.0001","volume-title":"The scientific revolution","author":"Steven Shapin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shapin, Steven. 1996. The scientific revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"9873_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226764269.001.0001","volume-title":"The body of the artisan: Art and experience in the scientific revolution","author":"Pamela H Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith, Pamela H. 2004. The body of the artisan: Art and experience in the scientific revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."}],"container-title":["Journal of the History of Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10739-026-09873-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10739-026-09873-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10739-026-09873-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:52:54Z","timestamp":1792396374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10739-026-09873-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10739-026-09873-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5010","1573-0387"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5010","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0387","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 July 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The author has no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}