{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:42:38Z","timestamp":1792010558970,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012990","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Siena","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heart Fail Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiogenic shock is a clinical syndrome which is defined as the presence of primary cardiac disorder that results in hypotension together with signs of organ hypoperfusion in the state of normovolaemia or hypervolaemia. It represents a complex life-threatening condition, characterized by a high mortality rate, that requires urgent diagnostic assessment as well as treatment; therefore, it is of paramount important to advocate for a thorough risk stratification. In fact, the early identification of patients that could benefit the most from more aggressive and invasive approaches could facilitate a more efficient resource allocation. This review attempts to critically analyse the current evidence on prognosis in cardiogenic shock, focusing in particular on clinical, laboratoristic and echocardiographic prognostic parameters. Furthermore, it focuses also on the available prognostic scores, highlighting the strengths and the possible pitfalls. Finally, it provides insights into future direction that could be followed in order to ameliorate risk stratification in this delicate subset of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-021-10140-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T22:02:27Z","timestamp":1626300147000},"page":"1105-1117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Risk stratification in cardiogenic shock: a focus on the available evidence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1965-1773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Sciaccaluga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. E.","family":"Mandoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Ghionzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Anselmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Sorini","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Righini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Cesareo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"D\u2019Ascenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Focardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Cameli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"10140_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aissaoui N, Puymirat E, Delmas C, Ortuno S, Durand E, Bataille V, Drouet E, Bonello L, Bonnefoy-Cudraz E, Lesmeles G, Guerot E, Schiele F, Simon T, Danchin N (2020) Trends in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Heart Fail","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1750"},{"key":"10140_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Diepen S, Katz JN, Albert NM, Henry TD, Jacobs AK, Kapur NK, Kilic A, Menon V, Ohman EM, Sweitzer NK, Thiele H, Washam JB, Cohen MG (2017) American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; and Mission: Lifeline. Contemporary Management of Cardiogenic Shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation\u00a0136(16):e232-e268","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000525"},{"key":"10140_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208410","volume":"367","author":"H Thiele","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, Ferenc M, Olbrich HG, Hausleiter J et al (2012) Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. New Engl J Med 367:1287\u20131296","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10140_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1041-4","volume":"20","author":"MJ Chakaramakkil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chakaramakkil MJ, Sivathasan C (2018) ECMO and Short-term Support for Cardiogenic Shock in Heart Failure. Curr Cardiol Rep 20:87","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10140_CR5","first-page":"359","volume":"6","author":"A Furer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Furer A, Wessler J, Burkhoff D (2017) Hemodynamics of cardiogenic shock. Interv Cardiol Clin 6(3):359\u2013371","journal-title":"Interv Cardiol Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10140_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28329","volume":"94","author":"DA Baran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baran DA, Grines CL, Bailey S, Burkhoff D, Hall SA, Henry TD, Hollenberg SM, Kapur NK, O\u2019Neill W, Ornato JP, Stelling K, Thiele H, van Diepen S, Naidu SS (2019) SCAI clinical expert consensus statement on the classification of cardiogenic shock: this document was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) in April 2019. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 94(1):29\u201337","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"10140_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrage B, Dabboura S, Yan I, Hilal R, Neumann JT, S\u00f6rensen NA, Go\u00dfling A, Becher PM, Grahn H, Wagner T, Seiffert M, Kluge S, Reichenspurner H, Blankenberg S, Westermann D (2020) Application of the SCAI classification in a cohort of patients with cardiogenic shock. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28707"},{"key":"10140_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.077","volume":"74","author":"JC Jentzer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jentzer JC, van Diepen S, Barsness GW et al (2019) Cardiogenic Shock classification to predict mortality in the cardiac intensive care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol 74:2117\u20132128","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10140_CR9","first-page":"204887261989523","volume":"31","author":"M Rivas-Lasarte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rivas-Lasarte M, Sans-Rosell\u00f3 J, Collado-Lled\u00f3 E, Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez V, Noriega FJ, Hern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez FJ, Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez J, Ariza A, Lid\u00f3n RM, Viana-Tejedor A, Segovia-Cubero J, Harjola VP, Lassus J, Thiele H, Sionis A (2020) External validation and comparison of the CardShock and IABPSHOCK II risk scores in real-world cardiogenic shock patients. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 31:2048872619895230","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10140_CR10","first-page":"128","volume":"21","author":"A Negro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Negro A, Pecoraro V, Camerlingo MD, Maltoni S (2020) Temporary percutaneous ventricular assist devices for cardiogenic shock and high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic literature review. G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 21(2):128\u2013137","journal-title":"G Ital Cardiol (Rome)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10140_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036536","volume":"139","author":"M Vanhaverbeke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vanhaverbeke M, Bogaerts K, Sinnaeve PR, Janssens L, Armstrong PW, Van de Werf F (2019) Prevention of cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 139(1):137\u2013139","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10140_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy004","volume":"39","author":"KH Scholz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scholz KH, Maier SKG, Maier LS, Lengenfelder B, Jacobshagen C, Jung J, Fleischmann C, Werner GS, Olbrich HG, Ott R, Mudra H, Seidl K, Schulze PC, Weiss C, Haimerl J, Friede T, Meyer T (2018) Impact of treatment delay on mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients presenting with and without haemodynamic instability: results from the German prospective, multicentre FITT-STEMI trial. Eur Heart J 39:1065\u20131074","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10140_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta T, Weinreich M, Kolte D, Khera S, Villablanca PA, Bortnick AE, Wiley JM, Menegus MA, Kirtane AJ, Bhatt DL, Garcia MJ, Latib A, Weisz G (2020) Comparison of incidence and outcomes of cardiogenic shock complicating posterior (inferior) versus anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol\u00a0pii: S0002\u20139149(20)30021\u20137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.12.052"},{"key":"10140_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hochman JS, Buller CE, Sleeper LA, Boland J, Dzavik V, Sanborn TA, Godfrey E, White HD, Lim J, LeJemtel T (2000) Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction--etiologies, management and outcome: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries for cardiogenic shocK? J Am Coll Cardiol 36:1063\u20131070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00879-2"},{"key":"10140_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872617706503","volume":"7","author":"L Obling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Obling L, Frydland M, Hansen R et al (2018) Risk factors of late cardiogenic shock and mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 7:7\u201315","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"10140_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002359","volume":"9","author":"RJ Goldberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goldberg RJ, Makam RC, Yarzebski J et al (2016) Decade-long trends (2001\u20132011) in the incidence and hospital death rates associated with the in-hospital development of cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 9:117\u2013125","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"10140_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001191","volume":"51","author":"M Frydland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frydland M, Moller JE, Wiberg S et al (2019) Lactate is a prognostic factor in patients admitted with suspected ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Shock 51:321\u2013327","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"10140_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613596","volume":"117","author":"HR Reynolds","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reynolds HR, Hochman JS (2008) Cardiogenic shock: current concepts and improving outcomes. Circulation 117:686\u2013697","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10140_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","volume":"37","author":"P Ponikowski","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD et al (2016) ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 37:2129\u20132200","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10140_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70250-4","volume":"138","author":"CM O\u2019Connor","year":"1999","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF et al (1999) Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Am Heart J 138(1 Pt 1):78\u201386","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10140_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M et al (2007) SURVIVE investigators. Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE Randomized Trial. JAMA 297(17):1883\u201391","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.17.1883"},{"key":"10140_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC et al (2005) ADHERE Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators; ADHERE Study Group. In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). J Am Coll Cardiol 46(1):57\u201364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accreview.2005.09.046"},{"key":"10140_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim JH, Sunkara A, Varnado S (2020) Management of cardiogenic shock in a cardiac intensive care unit. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 16(1):36\u201342","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcj-16-1-36"},{"key":"10140_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumann J, Henrich EC, Strobl H et al (2018) Inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for the treatment of cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD009669","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009669.pub3"},{"key":"10140_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.11.037","volume":"119","author":"MB Basir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Basir MB, Schreiber TL, Grines CL, Dixon SR, Moses JW, Maini BS, Khandelwal AK, Ohman EM, O\u2019Neill WW (2017) Effect of early initiation of mechanical circulatory support on survival in cardiogenic shock. Am J Cardiol 119:845\u2013851","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10140_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.10.022","volume":"69","author":"DM Ouweneel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ouweneel DM, Eriksen E, Sjauw KD et al (2017) Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support versus intra-aortic balloon pump in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 69(3):278\u2013287","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10140_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.085","volume":"73","author":"JJ Russo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Russo JJ, Aleksova N, Pitcher I et al (2019) Left Ventricular unloading during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with cardiogenic shock. J Am Coll Cardiol 73(6):654\u2013662","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10140_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.668","volume":"19","author":"F Pappalardo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pappalardo F, Schulte C, Pieri M et al (2017) Concomitant implantation of Impella\u00ae on top of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may improve survival of patients with cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail 19(3):404\u2013412","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"22","key":"10140_CR29","first-page":"2095","volume":"142","author":"B Schrage","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schrage B, Becher PM, Bernhardt A et al (2020) Left ventricular unloading is associated with lower mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock treated with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: results from an International. Multicenter Cohort Study Circulation 142(22):2095\u20132106","journal-title":"Multicenter Cohort Study Circulation"},{"key":"10140_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raju B, McCullough PA\u00a0(2019) Circulating plasma dipeptidyl dipeptidase 3 and the prognosis of cardiogenic shock.\u00a0Eur J Heart Fail","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1623"},{"issue":"1","key":"10140_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2018.1560612","volume":"75","author":"M Verhaeghe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verhaeghe M, Hachimi-Idrissi S (2020) Blood lactate and lactate kinetics as treatment and prognosis markers for tissue hypoperfusion. Acta Clin Belg 75(1):1\u20138","journal-title":"Acta Clin Belg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10140_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2017.10.023","volume":"28","author":"M\u0130 Hay\u0131ro\u011flu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hay\u0131ro\u011flu M\u0130, Keskin M, Uzun AO, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m D\u0130, Kaya A, \u00c7inier G, Bozbeyo\u011flu E, Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131mt\u00fcrk \u00d6, Kozan \u00d6, Pehlivano\u011flu S (2019) Predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock. Heart Lung Circ 28(2):237\u2013244","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"issue":"15","key":"10140_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.027","volume":"69","author":"J P\u00f6ss","year":"2017","unstructured":"P\u00f6ss J, K\u00f6ster J, Fuernau G, Eitel I, de Waha S, Ouarrak T, Lassus J, Harjola VP, Zeymer U, Thiele H, Desch S (2017) Risk stratification for patients in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 69(15):1913\u20131920","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10140_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosentino N, Genovese S, Campodonico J, Bonomi A, Lucci C, Milazzo V, Moltrasio M, Biondi ML, Riggio D, Veglia F, Ceriani R, Celentano K, De Metrio M, Rubino M, Bartorelli AL, Marenzi G (2019) High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and acute kidney injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a prospective observational study. J Clin Med 8(12). pii: E2192","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8122192"},{"issue":"1","key":"10140_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872616683526","volume":"7","author":"O Wigger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wigger O, Bloechlinger S, Berger D, H\u00e4ner J, Zanchin T, Windecker S, R\u00e4ber L, Schefold JC (2018) Baseline serum bicarbonate levels independently predict short-term mortality in critically ill patients with ischaemic cardiogenic shock. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 7(1):45\u201352","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"10140_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307773","volume":"101","author":"G Marenzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marenzi G, Cosentino N, Bartorelli AL (2015) Acute kidney injury in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Heart 101:1778\u20131785","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10140_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2012.11.046","volume":"111","author":"G Marenzi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marenzi G, Cabiati A, Bertoli SV, Assanelli E, Marana I, De Metrio M, Rubino M, Moltrasio M, Grazi M, Campodonico J et al (2013) Incidence and relevance of acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 111:816\u2013822","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10140_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01070-1","volume":"112","author":"M Koreny","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koreny M, Karth GD, Geppert A, Neunteufl T, Priglinger U, Heinz G, Siostrzonek P (2002) Prognosis of patients who develop acute renal failure during the first 24 hours of cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction. Am J Med 112(2):115\u2013119","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10140_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-020-10034-0","volume":"26","author":"N Ghionzoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghionzoli N, Sciaccaluga C, Mandoli GE, Vergaro G, Gentile F, D\u2019Ascenzi F, Mondillo S, Emdin M, Valente S, Cameli M (2021) Cardiogenic shock and acute kidney injury: the rule rather than the exception. Heart Fail Rev 26(3):487\u2013496","journal-title":"Heart Fail Rev"},{"issue":"19","key":"10140_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1170-8","volume":"30","author":"MD Lauridsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lauridsen MD, Gammelager H, Schmidt M, Rasmussen TB, Shaw RE, B\u00f8tker HE, S\u00f8rensen HT, Christiansen CF (2015) Acute kidney injury treated with renal replacement therapy and 5-year mortality after myocardial infarction-related cardiogenic shock: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Crit Care 30(19):452","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10140_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato T, Seguchi O, Iwashima Y, Yanase M, Nakajima S, Hieda M, Watanabe T, Sunami H, Murata Y, Hata H, Fujita T, Kobayashi J, Nakatani T (2015) Serum brain natriuretic peptide concentration 60 days after surgery as a predictor of long-term prognosis in patients implanted with a left ventricular assist device. ASAIO J 61(4):373\u20138","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000234"},{"issue":"3","key":"10140_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020233","volume":"347","author":"AS Maiseil","year":"2002","unstructured":"Maiseil AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM et al (2002) Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N\u00a0Engl J Med 347(3):161\u2013167","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10140_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181eaaf2a","volume":"38","author":"R Jarai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jarai R, Huber K, Bogaerts K et al (2010) Prediction of cardiogenic shock using plasma B-type natriuretic peptide and the N-terminal fragment of its pro-hormone (corrected) concentrations in ST elevation myocardial infarction: An analysis from the ASSENT-4 Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Trial. Crit Care Med 38:1793\u20131801","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10140_CR44","first-page":"204887261989606","volume":"21","author":"M Frydland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frydland M, M\u00f8ller JE, Lindholm MG, Hansen R, Wiberg S, Lerche Helgestad OK, Thomsen JH, Goetze JP, Engstr\u00f8m T, Frikke-Schmidt R, Ravn HB, Holmvang L, Jensen LO, Kjaergaard J, Hassager C (2020) Biomarkers predictive of late cardiogenic shock development in patients with suspected ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 21:2048872619896063","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"10140_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64B","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.01.043","volume":"115","author":"A Bayes-Genis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bayes-Genis A, Zhang Y, Ky B (2015) ST2 and patient prognosis in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 115(7 Suppl):64B-B69","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10140_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng CCS, Huibers MMH, Gaykema LH, Siera-de Koning E, Ramjankhan FZ, Maisel AS, de Jonge N (2018) Soluble ST2 in end-stage heart failure, before and after support with a left ventricular assist device. Eur J Clin Invest 48(3):e12886","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12886"},{"key":"10140_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katayama T, Nakashima H, Furudono S et al (2004) Evaluation of neurohumoral activation (adrenomedullin, BNP, catecholamines, etc.) in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Intern Med 43:1015\u20131022","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.43.1015"},{"issue":"11","key":"10140_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.342","volume":"17","author":"J P\u00f6ss","year":"2015","unstructured":"P\u00f6ss J, Fuernau G, Denks D, Desch S, Eitel I, de Waha S, Link A, Schuler G, Adams V, B\u00f6hm M, Thiele H (2015) Angiopoietin-2 in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock\u2013a biomarker substudy of the IABP-SHOCK II-Trial. Eur J Heart Fail 17(11):1152\u20131160","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"6","key":"10140_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0713-8","volume":"18","author":"G Fuernau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fuernau G, P\u00f6ss J, Denks D, Desch S, Heine GH, Eitel I, Seiler S, de Waha S, Ewen S, Link A, Schuler G, Adams V, B\u00f6hm M, Thiele H (2014) Fibroblast growth factor 23 in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a biomarker substudy of the Intraaortic Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock II (IABP-SHOCK II) trial. Crit Care 18(6):713","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10140_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1600","volume":"22","author":"K Takagi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takagi K, Blet A, Levy B, Deniau B, Azibani F, Feliot E, Bergmann A, Santos K, Hartmann O, Gayat E, Mebazaa A, Kimmoun A (2020) Circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 3 and alteration in haemodynamics in cardiogenic shock: results from the OptimaCC trial. Eur J Heart Fail 22(2):279\u2013286","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"8","key":"10140_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.116","volume":"16","author":"AC Morley-Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morley-Smith AC, Mills A, Jacobs S, Meyns B, Rega F, Simon AR, Pepper JR, Lyon AR, Thum T (2014) Circulating microRNAs for predicting and monitoring response to mechanical circulatory support from a left ventricular assist device. Eur J Heart Fail 16(8):871\u2013879","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10140_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2358-2","volume":"37","author":"N Aissaoui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aissaoui N, Luyt CE, Leprince P, Trouillet JL, Leger P, Pavie A et al (2011) Predictors of successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) weaning after assistance for refractory cardiogenic shock. Intensive Care Med 37:1738\u20131745","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10140_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2012.02.009","volume":"25","author":"N Aissaoui","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aissaoui N, Guerot E, Combes A, Delouche A, Chastre J, Leprince P et al (2012) Two-dimensional strain rate and Doppler tissue myocardial velocities: analysis by echocardiography of hemodynamic and functional changes of the failed left ventricle during different degrees of extracorporeal life support. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 25:632\u2013640","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10140_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.02.027","volume":"69","author":"J P\u00f6ss","year":"2017","unstructured":"P\u00f6ss J, K\u00f6ster J, Fuernau G et al (2017) Risk stratification for patients in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 69:1913\u20131920","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10140_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14339","volume":"36","author":"M Cameli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cameli M, Mandoli GE, Sciaccaluga C, Mondillo S (2019) More than 10 years of speckle tracking echocardiography: still a novel technique or a definite tool for clinical practice? Echocardiography 36(5):958\u2013970","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"10140_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamada-Harimura Y, Seo Y, Ishizu T, Nishi I, Machino-Ohtsuka T, Yamamoto M, Sugano A, Sato K, Sai S, Obara K, Yoshida I, Aonuma K (2018) ICAS-HF Investigators. Incremental prognostic value of right ventricular strain in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 11(10):e007249","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.117.007249"},{"key":"10140_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00337-4","volume":"32","author":"P De Groote","year":"1998","unstructured":"De Groote P, Millaire A, Foucher-Hossein C, Nugue O, Marchandise X, Ducloux G, Lablanche JM (1998) Right ventricular ejection fraction is an independent predictor of survival in patients with moderate heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:948\u2013954","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10140_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3452","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu193","volume":"35","author":"V Melenovsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Melenovsky V, Hwang SJ, Lin G, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA (2014) Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J 35:3452\u20133462","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10140_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.10.011","volume":"8","author":"SJ Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park SJ, Park JH, Lee HS, Kim MS, Park YK, Park Y, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Choi SW, Jeong JO, Kwon IS, Seong IW (2015) Impaired RV global longitudinal strain is associated with poor long-term clinical outcomes in patients with acute inferior STEMI. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8:161\u2013169","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10140_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.09.004","volume":"31","author":"KC Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang KC, Lin LY, Chen YS, Lai CH, Hwang JJ, Lin LC (2018) Three-dimensional echocardiography-derived right ventricular ejection fraction correlates with success of decannulation and prognosis in patients stabilized by venoarterial extracorporeal life support. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 31(2):169\u2013179","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10140_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.05.042","volume":"108","author":"SA Kleijn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kleijn SA, Aly MF, Terwee CB, van Rossum AC, Kamp O (2011) Comparison between direct volumetric and speckle tracking methodologies for left ventricular and left atrial chamber quantifcation by three-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 108:1038\u20131044","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10140_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam S, Chandra S, Saran M et al (2019) To study the usefulness and comparison of myocardial strain imaging by 2D and 3D echocardiography for early detection of cardiotoxicity in patients undergoing cardiotoxic chemotherapy. Indian Heart J 71(6):468\u2013475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2019.11.253"},{"key":"10140_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis783","volume":"55","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Brechot N, Hariri S, Guiguet M, Luyt CE, Makri R, Leprince P, Trouillet JL, Pavie A, Chastre J, Hes A (2012) Nosocomial infections in adult cardiogenic shock patients supported by venoarterial membrane oxygenation. Clin Infect Dis 55:1633\u20131641","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10140_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e3182904a52","volume":"59","author":"ML Paden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paden ML, Conrad SA, Rycus PT, Thiagarajan RR (2013) Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry Report 2012. ASAIO J 59:202\u2013210","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"issue":"33","key":"10140_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv194","volume":"36","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Burrell A, Roberts L, Bailey M, Sheldrake J, Rycus PT, Hodgson C, Scheinkestel C, Cooper DJ, Thiagarajan RR, Brodie D, Pellegrino V, Pilcher D (2015) Predicting survival after ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock: the survival after veno-arterial-ECMO (SAVE)-score. Eur Heart J 36(33):2246\u20132256","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10140_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31816f7cf7","volume":"36","author":"A Combes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Combes A, Leprince P, Luyt CE, Bonnet N, Trouillet JL, Leger P, Pavie A, Chastre J (2008) Outcomes and long-term quality-of-life of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med 36:1404\u20131411","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10140_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hochman JS, Sleeper LA,Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, Buller CE, Jacobs AK, Slater JN, Col J, McKinlay SM, LeJemtel TH (1999) Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK investigators. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 341:625\u2013634","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908263410901"},{"issue":"3","key":"10140_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4223-9","volume":"42","author":"G Muller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muller G, Flecher E, Lebreton G, Luyt CE, Trouillet JL, Brechot N et al (2016) The ENCOURAGE mortality risk score and analysis of long-term outcomes after VA-ECMO for acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. Intensive Care Med 42(3):370\u2013378","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10140_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harjola V-P, Lassus J, Sionis A et al (2015) CardShock Study Investigators; GREAT network. Clinical picture and risk prediction of short-term mortality in cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail\u00a017: 501\u2013509","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.260"},{"issue":"1","key":"10140_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2014.08.005","volume":"31","author":"MR Pinsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pinsky MR (2015) Functional hemodynamic monitoring. Crit Care Clin 31(1):89\u2013111","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"10140_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swan HJ, GanzW, Forrester J, Marcus H, Diamond G, Chonette D (1970) Catheterization of the heart in man with use of a flow-directed balloon-tipped catheter. N Engl J Med 283(9):447\u2013451","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197008272830902"},{"key":"10140_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binanay C, Califf RM, Hasselblad V, O'Connor CM, Shah MR, Sopko G, Stevenson LW, Francis GS, Leier CV, Miller LW (2005) ESCAPE investigators and ESCAPE study coordinators. Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial. JAMA 294(13):1625\u201333","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.13.1625"},{"issue":"14","key":"10140_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043080","volume":"141","author":"A Saxena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saxena A, Garan AR, Kapur NK, O\u2019Neill WW, Lindenfeld J, Pinney SP, Uriel N, Burkhoff D, Kern M (2020) Value of hemodynamic monitoring in patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing mechanical circulatory support. Circulation 141(14):1184\u20131197","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"10140_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1274","volume":"5","author":"S van Diepen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Diepen S, Hochman JS, Stebbins A, Alviar CL, Alexander JH, Lopes RD (2020) Association between delays in mechanical ventilation initiation and mortality in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. JAMA Cardiol 5(8):965\u2013967","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10140_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066619878125","volume":"35","author":"RJH Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller RJH, Southern D, Wilton SB, James MT, Har B, Schnell G, van Diepen S, Grant ADM (2020) Comparative prognostic accuracy of risk prediction models for cardiogenic shock. J Intensive Care Med 35(12):1513\u20131519","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10140_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2014.07.017","volume":"8","author":"RU Shah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shah RU, Henry TD, Rutten-Ramos S, Garberich RF, Tighiouart M, Bairey Merz CN (2015) Increasing percutaneous coronary interventions for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in the United States: progress and opportunity. J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 8:139\u2013146","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol Intv"},{"key":"10140_CR77","unstructured":"Valente S, Anselmi F, Sorini Dini C, Iadanza A, Casolo G (2021) [Clinical pathway for cardiogenic shock. A proposal from ANMCO Tuscany]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 22(2):122\u2013136"},{"key":"10140_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thiele H, Akin I, Sandri M et al (2017) CULPRIT-SHOCK Investigators. PCI strategies in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 377:2419\u201332","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1710261"},{"key":"10140_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.065","volume":"52","author":"M Seyfarth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seyfarth M, Sibbing D, Bauer I et al (2008) A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a percutaneous left ventricular assist device versus intra-aortic balloon pumping for treatment of cardiogenic shock caused by myocardial infarction. J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol 52:1584\u20131588","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10140_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill WW, Kleiman NS, Moses J et al (2012) A prospective, randomized clinical trial of hemodynamic support with Impella 2.5 versus intra-aortic balloon pump in patients undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: the PROTECT II study. Circulation\u00a0126:1717\u20131727","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.098194"},{"issue":"10","key":"10140_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036614","volume":"139","author":"B Schrage","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schrage B, Ibrahim K, Loehn T et al (2019) Impella support for acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. Circulation 139(10):1249\u20131258","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10140_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000767","volume":"65","author":"Sandeep M. Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel SM, Lipinski J, Al-Kindi SG et al (2019) Simultaneous venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and percutaneous left ventricular decompression therapy with Impella is associated with improved outcomes in refractory cardiogenic shock. ASAIO J 65(1):21\u201328","journal-title":"ASAIO Journal"}],"container-title":["Heart Failure Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10741-021-10140-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10741-021-10140-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10741-021-10140-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T02:12:41Z","timestamp":1699236761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10741-021-10140-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-021-10140-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1382-4147","1573-7322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1382-4147","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-7322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}