{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:47:25Z","timestamp":1789055245380,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heart Fail Rev"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-025-10501-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:35:51Z","timestamp":1742171751000},"page":"749-757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Leptin and heart failure: the chicken or the egg?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Theodorakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"10501_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.11.194","volume":"228","author":"UL Fax\u00e9n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fax\u00e9n UL, Hage C, Andreasson A, Donal E, Daubert JC, Linde C, Brismar K, Lund LH (2017) HFpEF and HFrEF exhibit different phenotypes as assessed by leptin and adiponectin. Int J Cardiol 228:709\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.11.194","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10501_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14232677","volume":"14","author":"N Theodorakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Theodorakis N, Kreouzi M, Hitas C, Anagnostou D, Nikolaou M (2024) Adipokines and cardiometabolic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a state-of-the-art review. Diagnostics 14:2677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14232677","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10501_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00354","volume":"11","author":"MS Poetsch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poetsch MS, Strano A, Guan K (2020) Role of leptin in cardiovascular diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 11:354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2020.00354","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10501_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9210","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179210","volume":"22","author":"MC Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans MC, Lord RA, Anderson GM (2021) Multiple leptin signaling pathways in the control of metabolism and fertility: a means to different ends? Int J Mol Sci 22:9210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22179210","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10501_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R566","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00180.2013","volume":"305","author":"AL Mark","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mark AL (2013) Selective leptin resistance revisited. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 305:R566\u2013R581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00180.2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10501_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20198416","volume":"52","author":"W Bai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bai W, Huang J, Zhu M, Liu X, Tao J (2019) Association between elevated adiponectin level and adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Med Biol Res 52:e8416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1414-431X20198416","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10501_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.06.006","volume":"32","author":"O Mayer Jr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mayer O Jr, Bruthans J, Seidlerov\u00e1 J et al (2022) High leptin status indicates an increased risk of mortality and heart failure in stable coronary artery disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 32(9):2137\u20132146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.06.006","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10501_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1596","volume":"32","author":"W Lieb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lieb W, Sullivan LM, Harris TB et al (2009) Plasma leptin levels and incidence of heart failure, cardiovascular disease, and total mortality in elderly individuals. Diabetes Care 32(4):612\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc08-1596","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10501_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F7","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-16-0025","volume":"57","author":"AN Dinh Cat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dinh Cat AN, Friederich-Persson M, White A, Touyz RM (2016) Adipocytes, aldosterone and obesity-related hypertension. J Mol Endocrinol 57:F7\u2013F21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JME-16-0025","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10501_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.10.008","volume":"9","author":"KN Bachmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bachmann KN, Gupta DK, Xu M, Brittain E, Farber-Eger E, Arora P, Collins S, Wells QS, Wang TJ (2021) Unexpectedly low natriuretic peptide levels in patients with heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 9:192\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jchf.2020.10.008","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10501_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032474","volume":"137","author":"M Packer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Packer M (2018) Leptin-aldosterone-neprilysin axis: identification of its distinctive role in the pathogenesis of the three phenotypes of heart failure in people with obesity. Circulation 137:1614\u20131631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032474","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10501_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000384","volume":"27","author":"JL Faulkner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faulkner JL, Bruder-Nascimento T, Belin de Chantem\u00e8le EJ (2018) The regulation of aldosterone secretion by leptin: implications in obesity-related cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 27:63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000384","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10501_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.227","volume":"35","author":"KF Standeven","year":"2011","unstructured":"Standeven KF, Hess K, Carter AM, Rice GI, Cordell PA, Balmforth AJ, Lu B, Scott DJ, Turner AJ, Hooper NM, Grant PJ (2011) Neprilysin, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 35:1031\u20131040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2010.227","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10501_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.003","volume":"70","author":"DA Pascual-Figal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pascual-Figal DA (2017) Neprilysin and heart failure: a \u201csympathetic\u201d relationship? J Am Coll Cardiol 70:2154\u20132156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10501_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318158","volume":"128","author":"DL Mann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mann DL, Felker GM (2021) Mechanisms and models in heart failure: a translational approach. Circ Res 128:1435\u20131450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318158","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10501_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165887","volume":"21","author":"A P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez A, S\u00e1nchez-Jim\u00e9nez F, Vilari\u00f1o-Garc\u00eda T, S\u00e1nchez-Margalet V (2020) Role of leptin in inflammation and vice versa. Int J Mol Sci 21:5887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21165887","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10501_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-014-0109-8","volume":"22","author":"CZ Chiu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiu CZ, Wang BW, Shyu KG (2015) Molecular regulation of the expression of leptin by hypoxia in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Sci 22:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12929-014-0109-8","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"10501_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00615","volume":"9","author":"LK Rausch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rausch LK, Hofer M, Pramsohler S, Kaser S, Ebenbichler C, Haacke S, Gatterer H, Netzer NC (2018) Adiponectin, leptin and visfatin in hypoxia and its effect for weight loss in obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 9:615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00615","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10501_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01498-3","volume":"404","author":"J Deanfield","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deanfield J, Verma S, Scirica BM, Kahn SE, Emerson SS, Ryan D, Lingvay I, Colhoun HM, Plutzky J, Kosiborod MN et al (2024) Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial. Lancet 404:773\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01498-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10501_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13010135","volume":"13","author":"N Theodorakis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Theodorakis N, Nikolaou M (2025) Integrated management of cardiovascular-renal-hepatic-metabolic syndrome: expanding roles of SGLT2is, GLP-1RAs, and GIP\/GLP-1RAs. Biomedicines 13(1):135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13010135","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10501_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13229","volume":"20","author":"M Packer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Packer M (2018) Do sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors prevent heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction by counterbalancing the effects of leptin? A novel hypothesis. Diabetes Obes Metab 20:1361\u20131366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.13229","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10501_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2407107","volume":"391","author":"SD Solomon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Vaduganathan M, Claggett B, Jhund PS, Desai AS, Henderson AD, Lam CSP, Pitt B, Senni M et al (2024) Finerenone in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 391:1475\u20131485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2407107","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10501_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.314458","volume":"128","author":"S Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao S, Kusminski CM, Scherer PE (2021) Adiponectin, leptin, and cardiovascular disorders. Circ Res 128(1):136\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.314458","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10501_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1136","volume":"20","author":"M Packer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Packer M (2018) Derangements in adrenergic-adipokine signaling establish a neurohormonal basis for obesity-related heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 20:873\u2013878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejhf.1136","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"key":"10501_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-015-0112-8","volume":"22","author":"CZ Chiu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiu CZ, Wang BW, Shyu KG (2015) Molecular regulation of the expression of leptin by hypoxia in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Sci 22:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12929-015-0112-8","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"10501_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00615","volume":"9","author":"LK Rausch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rausch LK, Hofer M, Pramsohler S et al (2018) Adiponectin, leptin, and visfatin in hypoxia and its effect on weight loss in obesity. Front Endocrinol 9:615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00615","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10501_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab020","volume":"28","author":"A Cittadini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cittadini A, Salzano A, Iacoviello M, Triggiani V, Rengo G, Cacciatore F, Maiello C, Limongelli G, Masarone D, Perticone F, Cimellaro A, Perrone Filardi P, Paolillo S, Mancini A, Volterrani M, Vriz O, Castello R, Passantino A, Campo M, Modesti PA, De Giorgi A, Monte IP, Puzzo A, Ballotta A, D\u2019Assante R, Arcopinto M, Gargiulo P, Sciacqua A, Bruzzese D, Colao A, Napoli R, Suzuki T, Eagle KA, Ventura HO, Marra AM, Bossone E (2021) Multiple hormonal and metabolic deficiency syndrome predicts outcome in heart failure: the T.O.S.CA. Registry Eur J Prev Cardiol 28:1691\u20131700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab020","journal-title":"Registry Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"10501_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae814","author":"N Theodorakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Theodorakis N, Feretzakis G, Kreouzi M, Anagnostou D, Hitas C, Verykios VS, Nikolaou M (2024) Growth hormone therapy in chronic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae814","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"24","key":"10501_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14242831","volume":"14","author":"N Theodorakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Theodorakis N, Kreouzi M, Hitas C, Anagnostou D, Nikolaou M (2024) Growth hormone and heart failure: implications for patient stratification, prognosis, and precision medicine. Diagnostics 14(24):2831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics14242831","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10501_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.965632","volume":"5","author":"M Toma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Toma M, McAlister FA, Coglianese EE, Vidi V, Vasaiwala S, Bakal JA, Armstrong PW, Ezekowitz JA (2012) Testosterone supplementation in heart failure: a meta-analysis. Circ Heart Fail 5(3):315\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.965632","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10501_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-024-00587-2","volume":"23","author":"N Theodorakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Theodorakis N, Feretzakis G, Vamvakou G, Verykios VS, Polymeris A, Nikolaou M (2024) Testosterone therapy for functional hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly males: current evidence and future perspectives. Hormones (Athens) 23:801\u2013817","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10501_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.07.004","volume":"28","author":"C Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi C, Bao Y, Chen X, Tian L (2022) The effectiveness of thyroid hormone replacement therapy on heart failure and low-triiodothyronine syndrome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Endocr Pract 28(11):1178\u20131186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.07.004","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10501_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15196","author":"N Theodorakis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Theodorakis N, Feretzakis G, Kreouzi M, Anagnostou D, Hitas C, Verykios VS, Nikolaou M (2025) Ghrelin: an emerging therapy for heart failure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.15196","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"10501_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.057","volume":"58","author":"SG Wannamethee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH, Lennon L, Sattar N (2011) Obesity and risk of incident heart failure in older men with and without pre-existing coronary heart disease: does leptin have a role? J Am Coll Cardiol 58:1870\u20131877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.057","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10501_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-011-0184-4","volume":"27","author":"TA Abd El-Aziz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abd El-Aziz TA, Mohamed RH, Mohamed RH, Pasha HF (2012) Leptin, leptin gene, and leptin receptor gene polymorphism in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Vessel 27:271\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00380-011-0184-4","journal-title":"Heart Vessel"},{"key":"10501_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2016.1265005","volume":"22","author":"C Bickel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bickel C, Schnabel RB, Zeller T et al (2017) Predictors of leptin concentration and association with cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease: results from the AtheroGene Study. Biomarkers 22:210\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1354750X.2016.1265005","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"10501_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-018-0049-8","volume":"41","author":"D Kamimura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamimura D, Suzuki T, Wang W et al (2018) Higher plasma leptin levels are associated with reduced left ventricular mass and left ventricular diastolic stiffness in Black women: insights from the Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) study. Hypertens Res 41:629\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-018-0049-8","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"10501_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.065","volume":"239","author":"SS Martin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Muse ED et al (2015) Leptin and incident cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 239:67\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.065","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"}],"container-title":["Heart Failure Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10741-025-10501-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10741-025-10501-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10741-025-10501-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T07:39:45Z","timestamp":1749800385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10741-025-10501-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10741-025-10501-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1573-7322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1573-7322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}