{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:01:46Z","timestamp":1791223306284,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inflammation"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-013-9780-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,30]],"date-time":"2013-11-30T02:50:53Z","timestamp":1385779853000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Inflammatory Mediators as Biomarkers in Brain Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Domenico","family":"Nuzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Picone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Caruana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya","family":"Vasto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Barera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calogero","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Di Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"9780_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","volume":"140","author":"CK Glass","year":"2010","unstructured":"Glass, C.K., K. Saijo, B. Winner, M.C. Marchetto, and F.H. Gage. 2010. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 140(6): 918\u2013934.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"9780_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x","volume":"129","author":"S Amor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amor, S., F. Puentes, D. Baker, and P. van der Valk. 2010. Inflammation in neurodegenerative disease. Immunology 129: 154\u2013169.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"9780_CR3","first-page":"103","volume":"8","author":"YY Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.Y., Y.C. Fan, M. Wang, D. Wang, and X.H. Li. 2013. Atorvastatin attenuates the production of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 in the hippocampus of an amyloid \u03b21-42-induced rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Clinical Interventions in Aging 8: 103\u2013110.","journal-title":"Clinical Interventions in Aging"},{"key":"9780_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolan, Y.M., Sullivan, A.M., Toulouse, A. (2013) Parkinson\u2019s disease in the nuclear age of neuroinflammation. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 19, 187\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2012.12.003"},{"key":"9780_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsiao, H.Y., Chen, Y.C., Chen, H.M., Tu, P.H., Chern, Y. (2013) A critical role of astrocyte-mediated nuclear factor-\u03baB-dependent inflammation in Huntington\u2019s disease. Human Molecular Genetics, 22, 1826\u20131842.","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt036"},{"key":"9780_CR6","first-page":"1005","volume":"12","author":"T Wyss-Coray","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wyss-Coray, T. 2006. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force bystander or beneficial response? Nature Medicine 12: 1005\u20131015.","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"9780_CR7","first-page":"1651","volume":"16","author":"S Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh, S., A.S. Kushwah, R. Singh, M. Farswan, and R. Kaur. 2012. Current therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 16(12): 1651\u20131664.","journal-title":"European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences"},{"issue":"10","key":"9780_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2008.07.008","volume":"1782","author":"CD Aluise","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aluise, C.D., R.A. Sowell, and D.A. Butterfield. 2008. Peptides and proteins in plasma and cerebro spinal fluid as biomarkers for the prediction, diagnosis, and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1782(10): 549\u2013558.","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"9780_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2011.2","volume":"7","author":"C Reitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reitz, C., C. Brayne, and R. Mayeux. 2011. Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews Neurology 7(3): 137\u2013152.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hebert, L.E., Weuve, J., Scherr, P.A., Evans, D.A. (2013) Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010\u20132050) estimated using the 2010 census. Neurology, 80, 1778\u20131783.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31828726f5"},{"issue":"3","key":"9780_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.025","volume":"33","author":"RJ Guerreiro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guerreiro, R.J., D.R. Gustafson, and J. Hardy. 2012. The genetic architecture of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: beyond APP, PSENs and APOE. Neurobiology of Aging 33(3): 437\u2013456.","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"9780_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","volume":"7","author":"GM McKhann","year":"2011","unstructured":"McKhann, G.M., D.S. Knopman, H. Chertkow, B.T. Hyman, C.R. Jack Jr., C.H. Kawas, W.E. Klunk, W.J. Koroshetz, J.J. Manly, R. Mayeux, R.C. Mohs, J.C. Morris, M.N. Rossor, P. Scheltens, M.C. Carrillo, B. Thies, S. Weintraub, and C.H. Phelps. 2011. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers & Dementia 7(3): 263\u2013269.","journal-title":"Alzheimers & Dementia"},{"issue":"1","key":"9780_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006346","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006346","volume":"2","author":"T Wyss-Coray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wyss-Coray, T., and J. Rogers. 2012. Inflammation in Alzheimer disease\u2014a brief review of the basic science and clinical literature. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2(1): a006346.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"9780_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9297-5","volume":"29","author":"CR Balistreri","year":"2009","unstructured":"Balistreri, C.R., G. Colonna-Romano, D. Lio, G. Candore, and C. Caruso. 2009. TLR4 polymorphisms and ageing: implications for the pathophysiology of age-related diseases. Journal of Clinical Immunology 29(4): 406\u2013415.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9780_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-8406","volume":"8","author":"RE Mrak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mrak, R.E., and W.S.T. Griffin. 2005. Potential inflammatory biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease 8(4): 369\u2013375.","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"issue":"6","key":"9780_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.34.481","volume":"34","author":"Y Harigaya","year":"1995","unstructured":"Harigaya, Y., M. Shoji, T. Nakamura, E. Matsubara, K. Hosoda, and S. Hirai. 1995. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin level in cerebrospinal fluid is closely associated with late onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Internal Medicine 34(6): 481\u2013484.","journal-title":"Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"9780_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(94)90026-4","volume":"15","author":"T Pirttila","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pirttila, T., P.D. Mehta, H. Frey, and H.M. Wisniewski. 1994. \u03b11Antichymotrypsin and IL-1\u03b2 are not increased in CSF or serum in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiology of Aging 15(3): 313\u2013317.","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"9780_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00048-1","volume":"39","author":"ER Peskind","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peskind, E.R., W.S. Griffin, K.T. Akama, M.A. Raskind, and L.J. Van Eldik. 2001. Cerebrospinal fluid s100B is elevated in the earlier stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurochemistry International 39: 409\u2013413.","journal-title":"Neurochemistry International"},{"key":"9780_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)01257-0","volume":"336","author":"A Petzold","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petzold, A., R. Jenkins, H.C. Watt, A.J. Green, E.J. Thompson, G. Keir, N.C. Fox, and M.N. Rossor. 2003. Cerebrospinal fluid s100B correlates with brain atrophy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuroscience Letters 336: 167\u2013170.","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"9780_CR20","first-page":"1267","volume":"150","author":"M Xia","year":"1997","unstructured":"Xia, M., S. Qin, M. McNamara, C. Mackay, and B.T. Hyman. 1997. Interleukin-8 receptor B immunoreactivity in brain and neuritic plaques of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. American Journal of Pathology 150(4): 1267\u20131274.","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9780_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1309\/W01Y0B808EMEH12L","volume":"129","author":"J Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang, J., I. Sokal, E.R. Peskind, J.F. Quinn, J. Jankovic, C. Kenney, K.A. Chung, S.P. Millard, J.G. Nutt, and T.J. Montine. 2008. CSF multianalyte profile distinguishes Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 129(4): 526\u2013529.","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9780_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1674","volume":"22","author":"G Zuliani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zuliani, G., G. Guerra, M. Ranzini, L. Rossi, M.R. Munari, A. Zurlo, A. Bl\u00e8, S. Volpato, A.R. Atti, and R. Fellin. 2007. High interleukin-6 plasma levels are associated with functional impairment in older patients with vascular dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22(4): 305\u2013331.","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"9780_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.8.1153","volume":"57","author":"JD Luterman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Luterman, J.D., V. Haroutunian, S. Yemul, et al. 2000. Cytokine gene expression as a function of the clinical progression of Alzheimer disease dementia. Archives of Neurology 57(8): 1153\u20131160.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-7205","volume":"7","author":"J Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang, J., D. Goodlett, J. Quinn, et al. 2005. Quantitative proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Journal of Alzheimers Disease 7: 125\u2013133.","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimers Disease"},{"key":"9780_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.200600999","volume":"1","author":"Y Hu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hu, Y., A. Hosseini, J. Kauwe, et al. 2007. Identification and validation of novel CSF biomarkers for early stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Proteomics Clinical Applications 1: 1373\u20131384.","journal-title":"Proteomics Clinical Applications"},{"key":"9780_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1179\/016164106X98035","volume":"28","author":"E Castano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Castano, E., A. Roher, C. Esh, T. Kokjohn, and T. Beach. 2006. Comparative proteomics of cerebrospinal fluid in neuropathologically-confirmed Alzheimer\u2019s disease and non-demented elderly subjects. Neurological Research 28: 155\u2013163.","journal-title":"Neurological Research"},{"key":"9780_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200700703","volume":"8","author":"P Lewczuk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lewczuk, P., and J. Wiltfang. 2008. Neurochemical dementia diagnostics: state of the art and research perspectives. Proteomics 8: 1292\u20131301.","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"9780_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1653","volume":"13","author":"S Ray","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ray, S., M. Britschgi, C. Herbert, Y. Takeda-Uchimura, A. Boxer, K. Blennow, L.F. Friedman, D.R. Galasko, M. Jutel, A. Karydas, et al. 2007. Classification and prediction of clinical Alzheimer\u2019s diagnosis based on plasma signaling proteins. Nature Medicine 13: 1359\u20131362.","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"9780_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.1282","volume":"69","author":"JD Doecke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doecke, J.D., S.M. Laws, N.G. Faux, W. Wilson, S.C. Burnham, C.P. Lam, A. Mondal, J. Bedo, A.I. Bush, B. Brown, K. De Ruyck, K.A. Ellis, C. Fowler, V.B. Gupta, R. Head, S.L. Macaulay, K. Pertile, C.C. Rowe, A. Rembach, M. Rodrigues, R. Rumble, C. Szoeke, K. Taddei, T. Taddei, B. Trounson, D. Ames, C.L. Masters, and R.N. Martins. 2012. Blood-based protein biomarkers for diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 69(10): 1318\u20131325.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.1070","volume":"69","author":"DH Soares","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soares, D.H., et al. 2012. Plasma biomarkers associated with the apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 69: 1310\u20131317.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0781-3","volume":"119","author":"AW Henkel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Henkel, A.W., K. Muller, P. Lewczuk, T. Muller, K. Marcus, J. Kornhuber, and J. Wiltfang. 2012. Multidimensional plasma protein separation technique for identification of potential Alzheimer\u2019s disease plasma biomarkers: a pilot study. Journal of Neural Transmission 119: 779\u2013788.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"issue":"2","key":"9780_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2011.07.003","volume":"42","author":"D Crosiers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crosiers, D., J. Theuns, P. Cras, and C. Van Broeckhoven. 2011. Parkinson disease: insights in clinical, genetic and pathological features of monogenic disease subtypes. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 42(2): 131\u2013141.","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9780_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.04.016","volume":"310","author":"H Reichmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reichmann, H. 2011. View point: etiology in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Dual hit or spreading intoxication. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 310(1\u20132): 9\u201311.","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"9780_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(11)70022-0","volume":"18","author":"S Lesage","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lesage, S., and A. Brice. 2012. Role of Mendelian genes in \u201csporadic\u201d Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 18(supplement 1): S66\u2013S70.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"key":"9780_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taccioli, C., Maselli, V., Tegn\u2019er, J., et al. (2011) ParkDB: a Parkinson\u2019s disease gene expression database. Database, vol. 2011, article bar007.","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bar007"},{"issue":"2","key":"9780_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2011.07.003","volume":"42","author":"D Crosiers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crosiers, D., J. Theuns, P. Cras, and C. Van Broeckhoven. 2011. Parkinson disease: insights in clinical, genetic and pathological features of monogenic disease subtypes. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 42(2): 131\u2013141.","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy"},{"issue":"2","key":"9780_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2011.11.003","volume":"97","author":"CJ Dunning","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dunning, C.J., J.F. Reyes, J.A. Steiner, and P. Brundin. 2012. Can Parkinson\u2019s disease pathology be propagated from one neuron to another? Progress in Neurobiology 97(2): 205\u2013219.","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"key":"9780_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130242","volume":"6","author":"JM Shulman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shulman, J.M., P.L. De Jager, and M.B. Feany. 2011. Parkinson\u2019s disease: genetics and pathogenesis. Annual Review of Pathology 6: 193\u2013222.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Pathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9780_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2165","volume":"16","author":"JA Obeso","year":"2010","unstructured":"Obeso, J.A., M.C. Rodriguez-Oroz, C.G. Goetz, et al. 2010. Missing pieces in the Parkinson\u2019s disease puzzle. Nature Medicine 16(6): 653\u2013661.","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"9780_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70062-6","volume":"8","author":"EC Hirsch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hirsch, E.C., and S. Hunot. 2009. Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a target for neuroprotection? Lancet Neurology 8: 382\u2013397.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2751com","volume":"19","author":"W Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang, W., T. Wang, Z. Pei, D.S. Miller, X. Wu, M.L. Block, B. Wilson, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, J.S. Hong, et al. 2005. Aggregated alpha-synuclein activates microglia: a process leading to disease progression in Parkinson\u2019s disease. FASEB Journal 19: 533\u2013542.","journal-title":"FASEB Journal"},{"key":"9780_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-008-9100-z","volume":"3","author":"AD Reynolds","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reynolds, A.D., I. Kadiu, S.K. Garg, J.G. Glanzer, T. Nordgren, P. Ciborowski, R. Banerjee, and H.E. Gendelman. 2008. Nitrated alpha-synuclein and microglial neuroregulatory activities. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 3: 59\u201374.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology"},{"key":"9780_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm260","volume":"167","author":"H Chen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chen, H., E.J. O\u2019Reilly, M.A. Schwarzschild, and A. Ascherio. 2008. Peripheral inflammatory biomarkers and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease. American Journal of Epidemiology 167: 90\u201395.","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"9780_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000260070","volume":"34","author":"KT Wong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wong, K.T., J.S. Grove, A. Grandinetti, J.D. Curb, M. Yee, P. Blanchette, et al. 2009. Association of fibrinogen with Parkinson disease in elderly Japanese-American men: a prospective study. Neuroepidemiology 34: 50\u201354.","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"9780_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2011.01.023","volume":"152","author":"R Margis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Margis, R., and C.R. Rieder. 2011. Identification of blood microRNAs associated to Parkinson\u2019s disease. Journal of Biotechnology 152: 96\u2013101.","journal-title":"Journal of Biotechnology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9780_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(11)70017-7","volume":"18","author":"P LeWitt","year":"2012","unstructured":"LeWitt, P. 2012. Recent advances in CSF biomarkers for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 18(Suppl 1): 49\u201351.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism & Related Disorders"},{"key":"9780_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.06.057","volume":"140","author":"P LeWitt","year":"2011","unstructured":"LeWitt, P., L. Schultz, P. Auinger, and M. Lu. 2011. CSF xanthine, homovanillic acid, and their ratio as biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Research 140: 88\u201397.","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"9780_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00216-6","volume":"169","author":"RW Orrell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Orrell, R.W., J.J. Habgood, A. Malaspina, et al. 1999. Clinical characteristics of SOD1 gene mutations in UK families with ALS. Journal of Neurological Science 169: 56\u201360.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"9780_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.194399","volume":"81","author":"IP Blair","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blair, I.P., K.L. Williams, S.T. Warraich, et al. 2010. FUS mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: clinical, pathological, neurophysiological and genetic analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 81(6): 639\u2013645.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"9780_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.132","volume":"40","author":"E Kabashi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kabashi, E., P.N. Valdmanis, P. Dion, et al. 2008. TARDBP mutations in individuals with sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature Genetics 40: 572\u2013574.","journal-title":"Nature Genetics"},{"key":"9780_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(94)00248-M","volume":"129","author":"World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromuscular Diseases Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Disease. Airlie House guidelines","year":"1995","unstructured":"World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromuscular Diseases Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Disease. Airlie House guidelines. 1995. Therapeutic trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Airlie House, \u201cTherapeutic Trials in ALS,\u201d Workshop Contributors. Journal of Neurological Science 129: 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurological Science"},{"key":"9780_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.8.1171","volume":"57","author":"BJ Traynor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Traynor, B.J., M.B. Codd, B. Corr, C. Forde, E. Frost, and O.M. Hardiman. 2000. Clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to the El Escorial and Airlie House diagnostic criteria: a population-based study. Archives of Neurology 57: 1171\u20131176.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M804446200","volume":"284","author":"Y Liu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Liu, Y., W. Hao, A. Dawson, S. Liu, and K. Fassbender. 2009. Expression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked SOD1 mutant increases the neurotoxic potential of microglia via TLR2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 284: 3691\u20133699.","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"9780_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-6-12","volume":"6","author":"Y Yiangou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yiangou, Y., P. Facer, P. Durrenberger, I.P. Chessell, A. Naylor, C. Bountra, R.R. Banati, and P.Y. Anand. 2006. COX-2, CB2 and P2X7-immunoreactivities are increased in activated microglial cells\/macrophages of multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord. BMC Neurology 6: 12.","journal-title":"BMC Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179050","volume":"326","author":"I Amit","year":"2009","unstructured":"Amit, I., M. Garber, N. Chevrier, A.P. Leite, Y. Donner, T. Eisenhaure, M. Guttman, J.K. Grenier, W. Li, O. Zuk, L.A. Schubert, B. Birditt, T. Shay, A. Goren, X. Zhang, Z. Smith, R. Deering, R.C. McDonald, M. Cabili, B.E. Bernstein, J.L. Rinn, A. Meissner, D.E. Root, N. Hacohen, and A. Regev. 2009. Unbiased reconstruction of a mammalian transcriptional network mediating pathogen responses. Science 326: 257\u2013263.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"9780_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13395","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011176200","volume":"276","author":"H Uranishi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Uranishi, H., T. Tetsuka, M. Yamashita, K. Asamitsu, M. Shimizu, M. Itoh, and T. Okamoto. 2001. Involvement of the pro-oncoprotein TLS (translocated in liposarcoma) in nuclear factor-kappa B p65-mediated transcription as a coactivator. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276: 13395\u201313401.","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"9780_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21751","volume":"23","author":"PL McGeer","year":"2008","unstructured":"McGeer, P.L., and E.G. McGeer. 2008. Glial reactions in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Movement Disorders 23: 474\u2013483.","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"9780_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.10.009","volume":"159","author":"R Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang, R., R. Gascon, R.G. Miller, et al. 2005. Evidence for systemic immune system alterations in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS). Journal of Neuroimmunology 159: 215\u2013224.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"9780_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.02.012","volume":"210","author":"S Mantovani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mantovani, S., S. Garbelli, A. Pasini, et al. 2009. Immune system alterations in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients suggest an ongoing neuroinflammatory process. Journal of Neuroimmunology 210: 73\u201379.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"9780_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2008.01112.x","volume":"119","author":"D Keizman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keizman, D., O. Rogowski, S. Berliner, et al. 2009. Low-grade systemic inflammation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 119: 383\u2013389.","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"9780_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70293-X","volume":"8","author":"MR Turner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Turner, M.R., M.C. Kiernan, P.N. Leigh, and K. Talbot. 2009. Biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurology 8: 94\u2013109.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"9780_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25545","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025545","volume":"6","author":"G Nardo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nardo, G., S. Pozzi, M. Pignataro, E. Lauranzano, G. Spano, S. Garbelli, S. Mantovani, K. Marinou, L. Papetti, M. Monteforte, V. Torri, L. Paris, G. Bazzoni, C. Lunetta, M. Corbo, G. Mora, C. Bendotti, and V. Bonetto. 2011. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis multiprotein biomarkers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 6(10): e25545.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"9780_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040998","volume":"7","author":"CH Lu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lu, C.H., A. Petzold, B. Kalmar, J. Dick, A. Malaspina, and L. Greensmith. 2012. Plasma neurofilament heavy chain levels correlate to markers of late stage disease progression and treatment response in SOD1(G93A) mice that model ALS. PLoS One 7(7): e40998. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0040998 .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"9780_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000333251.36681.a5","volume":"72","author":"RM Mitchell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitchell, R.M., W.M. Freeman, W.T. Randazzo, H.E. Stephens, J.L. Beard, Z. Simmons, et al. 2009. A CSF biomarker panel for identification of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 72: 14\u201319.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200011090-00003","volume":"11","author":"W Beuche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beuche, W., M. Yushchenko, M. Mader, M. Maliszewska, K. Felgenhauer, and F. Weber. 2000. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is elevated in serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroreport 11: 3419\u20133422.","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"9557","key":"9780_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60111-1","volume":"369","author":"FO Walker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walker, F.O. 2007. Huntington\u2019s disease. Lancet 369(9557): 218\u2013228.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"9780_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0430-7","volume":"117","author":"T Moller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moller, T. 2010. Neuroinflammation in Huntington\u2019s disease. Journal of Neural Transmission 117(8): 1001\u20131008.","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"9780_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2004.01.008","volume":"20","author":"SH Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li, S.H., and X.J. Li. 2004. Huntingtin\u2013protein interactions and the pathogenesis of Huntington disease. Trends in Genetics 20: 146\u2013154.","journal-title":"Trends in Genetics"},{"key":"9780_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113042","volume":"30","author":"HT Orr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Orr, H.T., and H.Y. Zoghbi. 2007. Trinucleotide repeat disorders. Annual Review of Neuroscience 30: 575\u2013621.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"9780_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20071619","volume":"412","author":"S Imarisio","year":"2008","unstructured":"Imarisio, S., et al. 2008. Huntington disease: from pathology and genetics to potential therapies. Biochemistry Journal 412: 141\u2013209.","journal-title":"Biochemistry Journal"},{"key":"9780_CR71","first-page":"495","volume":"21","author":"E Roze","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roze, E., et al. 2008. Pathophysiology of Huntington\u2019s disease: from huntingtin functions to potential treatments. Current Opinion in Neurology 21: 495\u2013503.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080178","volume":"205","author":"M Bj\u00f6rkqvist","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rkqvist, M., E.J. Wild, J. Thiele, A. Silvestroni, R. Andre, N. Lahiri, et al. 2008. A novel pathogenic pathway of immune activation detectable before clinical onset in Huntington\u2019s disease. Journal of Experimental Medicine 205: 1869\u20131877.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"9780_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7999","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2675-04.2004","volume":"24","author":"A Khoshnan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khoshnan, A., J. Ko, E.E. Watkin, L.A. Paige, P.H. Reinhart, and P.H. Patterson. 2004. Activation of the IkappaB kinase complex and nuclear factor-kappaB contributes to mutant huntingtin neurotoxicity. Journal of Neuroscience 24: 7999\u20138008.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"9780_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn230","volume":"131","author":"IH Cho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cho, I.H., J. Hong, E.C. Suh, J.H. Kim, H. Lee, J.E. Lee, et al. 2008. Role of microglial IKK beta in kainic acid-induced hippocampal neuronal cell death. Brain 131: 3019\u20133303.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"9780_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520320071018","volume":"45","author":"R Kurlan","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kurlan, R., E. Caine, A. Rubin, et al. 1988. Cerebrospinal fluid correlates of depression in Huntington\u2019s disease. Archives of Neurology 45: 881\u2013883.","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240417","volume":"24","author":"R Schwarcz","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schwarcz, R., C.A. Tamminga, R. Kurlan, et al. 1988. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of quinolinic acid in Huntington\u2019s disease and schizophrenia. Annals of Neurology 24: 580\u2013582.","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.5.1104","volume":"52","author":"TJ Montine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Montine, T.J., M.F. Beal, D. Robertson, et al. 1999. Cerebrospinal fluid F2-isoprostanes are elevated in Huntington\u2019s disease. Neurology 52: 1104\u20131105.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"9780_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00673.x","volume":"79","author":"TM Jeitner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jeitner, T.M., M.B. Bogdanov, W.R. Matson, et al\\. 2001. N(epsilon)-(gamma-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine (GGEL) is increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Huntington\u2019s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry 79: 1109\u20131112.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"}],"container-title":["Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10753-013-9780-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10753-013-9780-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10753-013-9780-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,4]],"date-time":"2019-08-04T04:05:21Z","timestamp":1564891521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10753-013-9780-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["9780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10753-013-9780-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-3997","1573-2576"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-3997","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2576","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]}}}