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Pathogens engage with different host defense mechanisms. However, it is currently unknown if there are disease-specific immune signatures and\/or if different pathogens elicit common immune-associated molecular entities to common therapeutic interventions. We studied patients enrolled through the Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC), which focuses on immune responses to various infections. Blood samples were collected and analyzed from patients during infection and follow-up time points at the convalescent stage. The study included samples from patients with Lyme disease (LD), tuberculosis (TB), malaria (MLA), dengue virus (DENV), and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as kidney transplant patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and polyomavirus (BKV) infections. Using an antibody-based assay, we quantified\u2009~\u2009350 cell surface markers, cytokines, and chemokines involved in inflammation and immunity. Unique protein signatures were identified specific to the acute phase of infection irrespective of the pathogen type, with significant changes during convalescence. In addition, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNR6), C\u2013C Motif Chemokine Receptor 7 (CCR7), and C\u2013C motif chemokine ligand-1 (CCL1) were increased in the acute and convalescent phases across all viral, bacterial, and protozoan compared to blood from healthy donors. Furthermore, despite the differences between pathogens, proteins were enriched in common biological pathways such as cell surface receptor signaling pathway and response to external stimulus. In conclusion, we demonstrated that irrespective of the pathogen type, there are common immunoregulatory and proinflammatory signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-023-01913-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T06:01:50Z","timestamp":1697176910000},"page":"346-362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Proteome Analysis for Inflammation Related to Acute and Convalescent Infection"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Tara K.","family":"Sigdel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swastika","family":"Sur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Boada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia S. 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The research was carried out in accordance with the institutional review board approval, and all the participants provided written informed consent. The detailed information is as follows. We received BK virus nephropathy (BKV) samples from kidney transplant recipients consented at UCLA through IRB#11\u2013001387. Cytomegalovirus blood samples and healthy control samples were collected from kidney transplant recipients enrolled at UCSF through IRB approved study #14\u201313573 and NIH 3U19AI1281913 study entitled \u201cMapping Immune Responses to CMV in Renal Transplant Recipients.\u201d Study samples from patients with malaria were obtained from Seattle Children\u2019s Research Institute through IRB#20162556. The samples were collected as a part of the Immunization by Mosquito with Radiation Attenuated Sporozoites (IMRAS) trial (NCT01994525). Study samples from the tuberculosis cohort were obtained from La Jolla Institute for Immunology through IRB#VD-143. Dengue study participants in Managua, Nicaragua, were consented through UC Berkeley IRB #2010\u201306-1649 and the Nicaraguan Ministry of Health IRB# NIC-MINSA\/CNDR CIRE-01\/10\/06\u201313. Samples from the West Nile virus cohort studies were obtained through H-305333 and 0510000728 at Baylor College of Medicine and Yale School of Medicine. The Lyme disease cohort was obtained through IRB# 1112009475 at Yale School of Medicine.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all recruited subjects for publishing the results of the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}