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This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of L-carnitine on T1DM-induced testicular dysfunction through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Male rats were divided into control, T1DM, L-carnitine, and T1DM\u2009+\u2009L-carnitine groups. After 8 weeks of treatment, serum glucose, blood HbA1c, testicular oxidative stress markers (TAC, TOS, MDA, and protein peroxidation), Pro-Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1) and testosterone levels were measured. Additionally, the histological changes, sperm count, and miRNA expression (miR-155, miR-155-5p, and miR-132) were also studied. Results showed that T1DM significantly elevated oxidative stress markers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and miRNA expression while reducing TAC, testosterone, sperm count, and Johnson\u2019s score. Severe histological alterations, including germinal cell dissociation and atrophied seminiferous tubules, were observed in T1DM rats. L-carnitine treatment reduced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines level, decreased lipid and protein peroxidation (&gt;\u20093-fold), downregulated the miR-155, miR-155-5p, and miR-132 expression in diabetic rats (&gt;\u20093-fold). Moreover, TAC (&gt;\u20093-fold), testosterone levels (1-fold), sperm count, and testicular histological changes were restored by L-carnitine in diabetic rats. These findings suggest that L-carnitine ameliorates T1DM-induced testicular dysfunction through its dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In line, L-carnitine significantly restored antioxidant capacity by directly scavenging reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. These findings suggest that L-carnitine ameliorates T1DM-induced testicular dysfunction by enhancing antioxidant capacity and downregulating pro-inflammatory miRNAs (miR-155, miR-155-5p, miR-132).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-025-02415-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T02:52:57Z","timestamp":1766026377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["L-Carnitine Attenuates Testicular Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Via Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and miRNA Expression"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Hero Khalid","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khder Hussein","family":"Rasul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azheen Subhi","family":"Abdulrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harem Khdir","family":"Awla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Moshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamal A.","family":"Khidir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2415_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13030422","volume":"13","author":"MS Popoviciu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Popoviciu, M. 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