{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:54:35Z","timestamp":1793404475726,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012940","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum T\u00fcbingen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inflammopharmacol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients suffering from Long-COVID syndrome experience a variety of different symptoms on a physical, but also on a psychological and social level. Previous psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety have been identified as separate risk factors for developing Long-COVID syndrome. This suggests a complex interplay of different physical and mental factors rather than a simple cause\u2013effect relationship of a specific biological pathogenic process. The biopsychosocial model provides a foundation for understanding these interactions and integrating them into a broader perspective of the patient suffering from the disease instead of the individual symptoms, pointing towards the need of treatment options on a psychological as well as social level besides biological targets. This leads to our conclusion, that the biopsychosocial model should be the underlying philosophy of understanding, diagnosing and treating patients suffering from Long-COVID syndrome, moving away from the strictly biomedical understanding suspected by many patients, treaters and the media while also reducing the stigma still associated with the suggestion of a physical\u2013mental interplay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01174-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T10:02:55Z","timestamp":1678356175000},"page":"559-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Long-COVID syndrome: physical\u2013mental interplay in the spotlight"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Carolin","family":"Thurner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3294-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Stengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1174_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310370348","volume":"19","author":"E Aberer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aberer E (2010) Epidemiologic, socioeconomic and psychosocial aspects in lupus erythematosus. Lupus 19:1118\u20131124","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"1174_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102947","volume":"20","author":"JM Anaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anaya JM, Rojas M, Salinas ML, Rodr\u00edguez Y, Roa G, Lozano M, Rodr\u00edguez-Jim\u00e9nez M, Montoya N, Zapata E, Monsalve DM, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ram\u00edrez-Santana C (2021) \u2019Post-COVID syndrome. A case series and comprehensive review. Autoimmun Rev 20:102947","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"1174_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102596","volume":"54","author":"RM Barker-Davies","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barker-Davies RM, O\u2019Sullivan O, Senaratne KPP, Baker P, Cranley M, Dharm-Datta S, Ellis H, Goodall D, Gough M, Lewis S, Norman J, Papadopoulou T, Roscoe D, Sherwood D, Turner P, Walker T, Mistlin A, Phillip R, Nicol AM, Bennett AN, Bahadur S (2020) The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med 54:949\u2013959","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1174_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2021-0046","volume":"8","author":"PJ Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen PJ, Pusica Y, Sohaei D, Prassas I, Diamandis EP (2021) An overview of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diagnosis (berl) 8:403\u2013412","journal-title":"Diagnosis (berl)"},{"key":"1174_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.0954","volume":"313","author":"WD Chey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chey WD, Kurlander J, Eswaran S (2015) Irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical review. JAMA 313:949\u2013958","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1174_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1648","volume":"374","author":"H Crook","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crook H, Raza S, Nowell J, Young M, Edison P (2021) Long covid-mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ 374:n1648","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1174_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1978.tb22070.x","volume":"310","author":"GL Engel","year":"1978","unstructured":"Engel GL (1978) The biopsychosocial model and the education of health professionals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 310:169\u2013187","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"1174_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s40267-022-00975-x","volume":"39","author":"C Fenton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fenton C, Lee A (2023) Antidepressants with anti-inflammatory properties may be useful in long COVID depression. Drugs Ther Perspect 39:65\u201370","journal-title":"Drugs Ther Perspect"},{"key":"1174_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht462","volume":"35","author":"DL Hare","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hare DL, Toukhsati SR, Johansson P, Jaarsma T (2014) Depression and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review. Eur Heart J 35:1365\u20131372","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1174_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215013192110676","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319211067674","volume":"12","author":"S Harenwall","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harenwall S, Heywood-Everett S, Henderson R, Godsell S, Jordan S, Moore A, Philpot U, Shepherd K, Smith J, Bland AR (2021) Post-Covid-19 syndrome: improvements in health-related quality of life following psychology-led interdisciplinary virtual rehabilitation. J Prim Care Community Health 12:21501319211067670","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"1174_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harenwall S, S Heywood-Everett, R Henderson, J Smith, R McEnery, and AR Bland (2022) The interactive effects of post-traumatic stress symptoms and breathlessness on fatigue severity in Post-COVID-19 syndrome J Clin Med 11","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206214"},{"key":"1174_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/120373","volume":"54","author":"J Heitzman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heitzman J (2020) Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. Psychiatr Pol 54:187\u2013198","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"key":"1174_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2018.20.1\/phenningsen","volume":"20","author":"P Henningsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Henningsen P (2018) Management of somatic symptom disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 20:23\u201331","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1174_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24457.1","volume":"9","author":"MM Hossain","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hossain MM, Tasnim S, Sultana A, Faizah F, Mazumder H, Zou L, McKyer ELJ, Ahmed HU, Ma P (2020) \u2019Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: a review. F1000Res 9:636","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"1174_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.947973","volume":"13","author":"J Joli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Joli J, Buck P, Zipfel S, Stengel A (2022) Post-COVID-19 fatigue: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 13:947973","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koczulla AR, T Ankermann, U Behrends, P Berlit, R Berner, S B\u00f6ing, F Brinkmann, U Frank, C Franke, R Gl\u00f6ckl, C Gogoll, W H\u00e4user, B Hohberger, G Huber, T Hummel, V K\u00f6llner, S Krause, J Kronsbein, T Maibaum, A Otto-Th\u00f6ne, U Pecks, EMJ Peters, S Peters, M Pfeifer, T Platz, M Pletz, F Powitz, KF Rabe, C Scheibenbogen, D Schneider, A Stallmach, M Stegbauer, T Tenenbaum, N T\u00f6pfner, F von Versen-H\u00f6ynck, HO Wagner, C Waller, CN Widmann, C Winterholler, H Wirtz, and R Zwick (2022) AWMF S1-Guideline Long\/ Post-COVID. In. AWMF online: AWMF","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1946-3230"},{"key":"1174_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"RE Kreipe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kreipe RE (2006) The biopsychosocial approach to adolescents with somatoform disorders. Adolesc Med Clin 17:1\u201324","journal-title":"Adolesc Med Clin"},{"key":"1174_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95565-8","volume":"11","author":"S Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, Sepulveda R, Rebolledo PA, Cuapio A, Villapol S (2021) More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 11:16144","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1174_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00211-5","volume":"21","author":"LC Lund","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lund LC, Hallas J, Nielsen H, Koch A, Mogensen SH, Brun NC, Christiansen CF, Thomsen RW, Potteg\u00e5rd A (2021) Post-acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals not requiring hospital admission: a Danish population-based cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 21:1373\u20131382","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1174_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.10.864","volume":"55","author":"M Manchia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manchia M, Gathier AW, Yapici-Eser H, Schmidt MV, de Quervain D, van Amelsvoort T, Bisson JI, Cryan JF, Howes OD, Pinto L, van der Wee NJ, Domschke K, Branchi I, Vinkers CH (2022) The impact of the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic on stress resilience and mental health: a critical review across waves. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 55:22\u201383","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1174_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.6454","volume":"182","author":"J Matta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matta J, Wiernik E, Robineau O, Carrat F, Touvier M, Severi G, de Lamballerie X, Blanch\u00e9 H, Deleuze JF, Gouraud C, Hoertel N, Ranque B, Goldberg M, Zins M, Lemogne C (2022) Association of self-reported COVID-19 infection and SARS-CoV-2 serology test results with persistent physical symptoms among french adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Intern Med 182:19\u201325","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1174_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-022-00931-3","volume":"36","author":"MG Mazza","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazza MG, Palladini M, Poletti S, Benedetti F (2022) Post-COVID-19 depressive symptoms: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs 36:681\u2013702","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1174_CR23","unstructured":"Mentzos S (2017) [Textbook of psychodynamics: The function of mental disorder dysfunctionality] (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht)"},{"key":"1174_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2019.1663705","volume":"131","author":"A Michaelides","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michaelides A, Zis P (2019) Depression, anxiety and acute pain: links and management challenges. Postgrad Med 131:438\u2013444","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"1174_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2017.282.107","volume":"28","author":"G Papadimitriou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Papadimitriou G (2017) The \u201cbiopsychosocial model\u201d: 40 years of application in psychiatry. Psychiatriki 28:107\u2013110","journal-title":"Psychiatriki"},{"key":"1174_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709992285","volume":"40","author":"M Pinquart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pinquart M, Duberstein PR (2010) Depression and cancer mortality: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 40:1797\u20131810","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"231\u201352","key":"1174_CR27","first-page":"x","volume":"81","author":"Y Ringel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ringel Y, Drossman DA (2001) Psychosocial aspects of Crohn\u2019s disease. Surg Clin North Am 81(231\u201352):x","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"1174_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva Andrade B, S Siqueira, WR de Assis Soares, F de Souza Rangel, NO Santos, A Dos Santos Freitas, P Ribeiro da Silveira, S Tiwari, KJ Alzahrani, A G\u00f3es-Neto, V Azevedo, P Ghosh, and D Barh (2021) Long-COVID and Post-COVID health complications: An up-to-date review on clinical conditions and their possible molecular mechanisms. Viruses 13","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040700"},{"key":"1174_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4938","volume":"371","author":"M Sivan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sivan M, Taylor S (2020) NICE guideline on long covid. BMJ 371:m4938","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1174_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-018-0301-y","volume":"32","author":"J Tesarz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tesarz J, Gerhardt A, Eich W (2018) Influence of early childhood stress exposure and traumatic life events on pain perception. Schmerz 32:243\u2013249","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"key":"1174_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wainwright T, W and M Low (2020) Why the biopsychosocial model needs to be the underpinning philosophy in rehabilitation pathways for patients recovering from COVID-19. Integr Healthcare J","DOI":"10.1136\/ihj-2020-000043"},{"key":"1174_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260500466774","volume":"18","author":"E Waller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Waller E, Scheidt CE (2006) Somatoform disorders as disorders of affect regulation: a development perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry 18:13\u201324","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"1174_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2021.1924397","volume":"53","author":"SJ Yong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yong SJ (2021) Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infect Dis (lond) 53:737\u2013754","journal-title":"Infect Dis (lond)"}],"container-title":["Inflammopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10787-023-01174-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10787-023-01174-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10787-023-01174-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T09:32:06Z","timestamp":1682587926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10787-023-01174-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-023-01174-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-4692","1568-5608"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-4692","type":"print"},{"value":"1568-5608","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}