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Targeting this pathway for the treatment of PD has sparked a lot of interest. Hence, this study investigates the therapeutic potential of a synbiotic supplement, in conjunction with\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -dopa for the management of PD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This randomized controlled trial enrolled 66 Parkinson's disease patients, who were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a033) receiving standard\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -dopa\/carbidopa (100\/25 mg) therapy three times daily for three months, and a synbiotic group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a033) receiving the same\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -dopa\/carbidopa regimen with two sachets of the synbiotic supplement daily for three months. The outcome measures included assessment of Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), malondialdehyde (MDA), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and \u03b1-synuclein (\u03b1-Syn). Blood samples were collected from all patients for biomarker analysis in serum.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three months after intervention, the synbiotic group demonstrated significantly greater improvement in motor and non-motor symptoms compared to the control group evidenced by the change in the scores of each part of the MDS-UPDRS. Concurrently, the synbiotic group exhibited significantly lower serum levels of pro-inflammatory marker TNF-\u03b1 and oxidative stress marker MDA, and significantly higher levels of the neuroprotective factor BDNF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supplementing with synbiotics exhibits promising neuroprotective and therapeutic effects in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinicaltrials.gov registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NCT05576818. Retrospectively registered in October 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01752-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T10:50:59Z","timestamp":1748429459000},"page":"3897-3908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Randomized controlled trial evaluating synbiotic supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9599-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1071-5416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek M.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8129-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azza A.","family":"Ghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1454-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia R.","family":"El-Afify","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1752_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81453","author":"R Abdel-Haq","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdel-Haq R, Schlachetzki JC, Boktor JC et al (2022) A prebiotic diet modulates microglial states and motor deficits in \u03b1-synuclein overexpressing mice. 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